Warranties

There are different items that have warranties such as equipment, products, and materials. Fulfillment of warranties tends to be a two-way situation. As an example when one buys equipment, you are not just buying equipment, you are entering into a relationship. This may sound tripe, but it is demonstrably true in the case of capital equipment. The warranty relationship can be defined in writing by the warranty document. It goes into detail as to what the OEM (original equipment manufacturer) seller promises to do in event of equipment failure due to specific causes. It also details the responsibilities of the equipment owner. Sometimes the expectations of the processor and OEM are seriously mismatched. 

The best way to avoid this situation is to clarify understandings before the equipment is delivered. It is usually clear who pays for parts. Make sure you understand, however, the responsibilities vs. the OEM for shipping, travel, and other costs. The details can significantly defer from OEM to OEM. 

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Mention of a trademark or proprietary product is for identification only and does not imply a warranty or guarantee of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other products which may also be suitable. 

Starting in the city of Sao Paulo in 1977, and extending to the entire state of Sao Paulo in 1978, a gasohol incorporating 20% ethanol was mandated. Brazil s National Alcohol Program (Proalcool) set an initial goal of providing the 20% fuel mixture nationwide by 1980—1981 and a system of special tax, warranty, and price considerations were enacted to advance the aims of Proalcool. 

Other Terms and Conditions. The Hcense agreement should always have a specified term and include provisions for termination. Other standard provisions can be included to address such issues as reporting, infringement, indemnity/warranties, governing law, assignment, or notices. 

Since these MPUs are used to control fuel-injection systems, it might be interesting to know the 24,000-km rehabiUty (the warranty period). Assuming an average speed of 80 km/h, 300 h of use are obtained. The rehabiUty would be estimated as... 

Prior to 1960, an injured plaintiff seeking recovery in a products HabiUty action could bring a case under either of two theories. The plaintiff could allege that the product seller was negligent, or that the seller breached a warranty that attended every product sale provided for under the Uniform Sales Act and, later, under Section 2-314 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), which stipulated that for a product to be merchantable it must be "reasonably fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used." Each of these theories came with a distinct disadvantage. 

Accordingly, we hold that under modern marketing conditions, when a manufacturer puts a new automobile in the stream of trade and promotes its purchase by the public, an implied warranty that it is reasonably suitable for use as such accompanies it into the hands of the ultimate purchaser. Absence of agency between the manufacturer and the dealer who makes the ultimate sale is immaterial (85). 

Durability. Grass-like surfaces intended for heavy-duty athletic use should have a service life of at least eight years, a common warranty period provided by suppHers. Lifetime is more or less proportional to the ultraviolet (uv) exposure (sunlight) and to the amount of face ribbon available for wear, but pile density and height also have an effect. Color is a factor generally uv absorption is highest with red fabrics and least with blue. In addition, different materials respond differendy to abrasive wear. These effects caimot be measured except in simulated field use and controlled laboratory experiments, which do not necessarily redect field conditions. 

A significant source of concern for potential users of recycled petroleum products has been the lack of specifications or certifications related to the quaUty of the material and the consistency in producing oil of high quaUty. This perception of possible inferiority has been exacerbated by the reluctance of some equipment manufacturers to state whether they would honor warranties if recycled lubricants were used. 

It is sincerely hoped that the information presented in this document will lead to an even more impressive record for the entire industry however, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS Subcommittee members, their employers, their employers officers and directors, and Arthur D. Little, Inc., disclaim making or giving any warranties or representations, express or implied, including with respect to fitness, intended purpose, use or merchantability and/or correctness or accuracy of the content of the information presented in this document. As between (1) American Institute of Chemical Engineers, its consultants, CCPS Subcommittee members, their employers, their employers officers and directors, and Arthur D. Little, Inc., and (2) the user of this document, the user accepts any legal liability or responsibility whatsoever for the consequence of its use or misuse. 

Seller warrants that Product delivered to [insert company name] will (1) conform to the descriptions and specifications as set forth in this Agreement (2) be of good quality and workmanship and free from defects, latent or patent and (3) be merchantable and fit and sufficient for [insert company name] s intended purpose. Payment, inspection, acceptance or use of Product will not affect Seller s obligation under this warranty. 

Owing to the greater test uneertainties assoeiated with field testing as eompared to planned shop testing, the warranty and guarantee should be modified to take into aeeount the nonideal test set-up. 

Improperly set tolerances and uncontrolled variation are one of the greatest causes of defects, scrap, rework, warranty returns, increased product development cycle time, work flow disruption and the need for inspection (Gerth and Hancock, 1995). If manufacturing processes did not exhibit variation, quality problems would not arise, therefore reducing the effects of variability at the design stage, in a cost-effective way, improves product quality (Bergman, 1992 Kehoe, 1996). 

Failure costs - Internal failure costs are essentially the cost of failures identified and rectified before the final product gets to the external customer, such as rework, scrap, design changes. External failure costs include product recall, warranty and product liability claims. 

Most producers believe in the adage quality pays in terms of better reputation and sales, customer loyalty, lower reject rates, service and warranty costs. They should also realize that safety pays in terms of reducing the legal exposure and the tremendous costs that this can incur, both directly and indirectly, for example from compensation, legal fees, time and effort, increased insurance premiums, recalls and publicity (Wright, 1989). Few manufacturers understand all the cost factors involved, and many take a shortsighted view of the actual situation with regard to the costs of safety. 

Pc - internal failure cost due to rework at the end of the production line Pc - external failure cost for return from customer inspection 10 Pc - external failure cost for warranty return due to failure with customer in use. 

Suppose a particular fault in a product is not detected through internal tests and inevitably results in a failure severity S = 5. If around 80% of failures are found by customer testing and 20% are warranty returns, then the expected cost on average for one fault will be 2.8Pc, from Figure 1.13. If the product has been designed such that Cpi = 1.33, or in other words, approximately 30 parts-per-million (ppm) failures are expected for the characteristic which may be faulty, then for a product costing 100 the probable cost of failure per million products produced would be 8400. 

Modern equipment is frequently eomposed of thousands of eomponents, all of whieh interaet within various toleranees. Failures often arise from a eombination of drift eonditions rather than the failure of a speeifie eomponent (Smith, 1993). For example, typieally an assembly toleranee exists only to limit the degradation of the assembly performanee. Being off target may involve later warranty eosts beeause the produet is more likely to break down than one whieh has a performanee eloser to the target value (Vasseur et al., 1992). This again is related to manufaeturing variation problems, and is more diffieult to prediet, and therefore less likely to be foreseen by the designer (Smith, 1993). 

While 30 ppm may be acceptable as a maximum probability of occurrence for a failure of low severity, it is not acceptable as severity increases. An example table of FMEA Severity Ratings was shown in Figure 2.20. In the definite return to manufacturer (a warranty return) or violation of statutory requirement region (S = 5 or S = 6), the designer would seek ways to enhance the process capability or else utilize some inspection or test process. Reducing d will reduce occurrence, as indicated by equation 2.11, but inspection or test is of limited efficiency. 

This case study concerns the initial design and redesign of a security cover assembly for a solenoid. The analysis only focuses on those critical aspects of the assembly of the product that must be addressed to meet the requirement that the electronics inside the unit are sealed from the outside environment. An FMEA Severity Rating (S) for the assembly was determined as S = 5, a warranty return if failure is experienced. 

The O M program has the following minimum requirements (1) an equipment and record system with equipment information, warranties. 

Current policy in API is to avoid commercial language in the API standard. API standards do not include a guarantee and warranty section. In the revisions, as they occur, other paragraphs deemed commercial are disallowed. This puts the burden of guarantee and warranty verbage on the user. A practical solution, if the user is not familiar with industry practices, is to solicit from the vendor a proposed guarantee that should be a zero tolerance on head and capacity. This would only be good prac-... 

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