Cycle development

At a much earlier stage in the research and development cycle, fluidized-bed processes use porous sorbents containing copper oxide (82), cerium oxide (83), and other metal oxides (84). 

Improperly set tolerances and uncontrolled variation are one of the greatest causes of defects, scrap, rework, warranty returns, increased product development cycle time, work flow disruption and the need for inspection (Gerth and Hancock, 1995). If manufacturing processes did not exhibit variation, quality problems would not arise, therefore reducing the effects of variability at the design stage, in a cost-effective way, improves product quality (Bergman, 1992 Kehoe, 1996). 

The previous section introduced the backpropagation rule for multi-layer percep-trons. This section briefly discusses tfie model development cycle necessary ftu-obtaining a properly functioning net. It also touches upon some of the available heuristics for determining the proper size of hidden layers. 

Fundamentally, all feed-forward backpropagating nets follow the same five basic steps of a model development cycle ... 

DV refers to the series of procedures used by the product development group to ensure that a product design output meets its design input. It focuses primarily on the end of the product development cycle. It is routinely understood to mean a thorough prototype testing of the final product to ensure that it is acceptable for shipment to the customers. 

Early integration of material modification, product application, and process optimization. This integration reduces cycle time and up-front risk. Today s fast-moving markets cannot accommodate a 20-year development cycle and still ensure commercial success. Concurrent engineering with discovery and manufacturing is required to be a leader. 

Short cycles The principles of rapid application development (RAD) are recommended. In particular, short development cycles with a well-defined goal at the end of each cycle are good for morale and for moving a project forward. Also, we follow the maxim Don t wait until it s 100% done for any one phase. 

Refinement results in realistic deliverables for each development cycle depending on what development process is most suited to the project. 

The typical deliverables of a development cycle (see Pattern 15.13, Interpreting Models for Clients) are not individual completed documents from the linear life cycle. More usually, they might be first draft requirements GUI mockup client feedback second draft requirements critical core code version 1 requirements modified to what we find we can achieve ... 

In this pattern, you set specific short-term targets and more-general longer-term ones, and you use early feedback through scoped and managed short development cycles. This pattern is also known as one step at a time, don t chew off too much in one go, walk before you run, the spiral model, and proceed with caution. ... 

Each cycle consists of plan, execute, and evaluate phases. Set goals, level of investment, and acceptable risks plan and decide what will be evaluated and how it will affect future cycles determine fallbacks execute the plan evaluate the outcome. For software development cycles this often translates into plan, specify, design and implement, and evaluate. 

GRI considers SNG from Oil Shale to have lower priority then coal since coal is far advanced in the development cycle. In reviewing developments to date, no real advantages have been determined in oil shale gasification over coal. Therefore, GRI decided that SNG from Oil Shale will be held at the PDU level until the coal program is fully developed or whenever the resumption of development of the shale program is warranted. 

TABLE II Validation Required at Each Stage of the Product Development Cycle... 

A side effect of this approach is the consistency and completeness checking which is performed at building time when the rule pointers are being set up. Errors and oversights are caught at this stage and corrected before the iterative development cycle is continued. Most expert system approaches do not support error... 

The output trace from the laser end-point detection system for a typical resist development cycle is depicted in Figure 9. The temporal distance between maxima can be related to a change in resist thickness through Equation 11... 

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