Wall, Monroe

Wall, Monroe E. Krlder, Merle M. Rothman, Edward S. ... 

Camptothecin was discovered as an active anticancer drug isolated from the bark of Camptotheca acuminata. The anticancer activity of camptothecin was discovered in the 1960s by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) as part of a systematic effort to screen for novel anticancer agents derived from natural products. Monroe Wall and Mansuhk Wani identified the chemical structure of camptothecin. They also identified the chemical structure of taxol, again under the auspices of the NCI. Susan Hoiwitz was contracted by the NCI to elucidate the anticancer mechanisms of camptothecin. She found in the early 1970s that camptothecin induced DNA breaks and attested DNA and RNA synthesis. However, it is approximately 12 years later, only after DNA topo-isomerase I (Topi) had been identified in human cells, that Leroy Liu and his coworkers found that Topi was the cellular target of camptothecin [reviewed in [1]. 

The charge density of dust transported through ducts and the resultant electric fields at the duct Inner walls was monitored by a Monroe Electronics Inc., Model 171 electric fieldmeter. All the electrostatic sampling In the field was performed In circular cross-section ducts. Thus, the electrostatic field Intensity, for this geometry, can be determined from Poisson s equation using the cylindrical coordinate system. 

Monroe Wall was born in Newark, New Jersey, on July 25, 1916. He attended grade and high school in East Orange, New Jersey, graduating in 1932. He then earned B.S. (1936), M.S. (1938), and Ph.D. (1939) degrees in agricultural biochemistry, all from Rutgers University. 

Monroe Wall of the USDA Eastern Regional Research Laboratory had been collecting plants for steroids that are oxygenated at positions 11 or 12, which could be converted into cortisone and related compounds. The search for a cancer cure led Wall to move to the Research Triangle Institute in 1960, to work on the isolation of plant-derived antitumor agents. Wall requested specimens of plants showing KB activity, and worked with a 30 lbs shipment of bark in late 1964. The procedure included extraction by ethanol, followed by concentration and partition between water and an organic solvent. He found that fractions from this extract were active in vivo for mice with... 

Taxol has had a most unusual clinical development history. As with many natural products that have been discovered to provide therapeutic benefit to humans, it was the extract of a plant that provided the first hint of the oncological potential of this product. Natural product chemists typically subject purified plant extracts to screening for therapeuhc achvity. In 1963, an extract of the bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia (Figure 7.2) showed anti-tumor activity. This early work was done by Monroe Wall and Monsukh Wani of the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) [3]. 

Fig. 8. — Partial Model of Primary Cell-Wall in Lupin Hypocotyl, Proposed by Monro and Coworkers.49 [The half of the Figure labeled (A) represents the extensin-hemicellulose network, and the half labeled (B) represents the separate, pectic network, which is believed not to involve the wall glycoprotein (extensin). Thus, the cellulose microfibrils (M) are separately cross-linked by two networks of polymers, the first (A) being composed of the wall glycoprotein and polysaccharide (probably hemicelluloses), and the second (B) being composed of the pectic polymers. These two networks have been separated in the Figure for clarity. This model is tentative and incomplete, as the nature of the linkages between the polymers in these two networks has not yet been identified. The...

MONROE E. WALL, DOLORES R. BRINE, JOAN T. BURSEY, and DAVID ROSENTHAL... 

Camptothecin (43) was first isolated by Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani in 1966, after ethanolic extracts of Camptotheca acuminata, a tree native to China, showed unusual and potent antitumor activity (63). Starting with 19 kg of dried wood and bark. Wall and Wani painstakingly purified the principal active component with a combination of hot solvent extraction, an 11-stage Craig countercurrent partition process, silica gel chromatography, and crystallization. Camptothecin was characterized as a novel pentacyclicalkaloid, present as j ust 0.01 % w/w of the stem bark of C ax umi-... 

SOTS The purpose of this thicJt walled tube is to resist the force of the explosive and direct it toward the copper cone at the front. The cone melts and a narrow jet of flame is then directed to the target. This focused jet will burn through several inches of steel armor This type of charge is known as a shaped charge and the principle behind it is called The Monroe Effect. ... 

If you ve made the trip to downtown St. Petersburg to visit the Salvador Dali Museum, be sure to stop in this little diner for a quick bite. The surreal interior is the perfect conclusion to a day spent with Dali. Sketches of James Dean, Marilyn Monroe and Charlie Chaplin purchased from a none-too-talented street artist, black-and-white checkered floors that clash badly with baby blue walls, and a... 

A number of other plant products have useful clinical activity and camp-tothecin and taxol are two of the most successful. The former arose out of a screening programme that took place at the US Department of Agriculture Laboratory in Philadelphia under the direction of Monroe Wall. During the... 

The diterpenoid 21 was isolated from the bark of the western yew, Taxus hrevifolia Nutt, in the late 1960s by Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani as part of a systematic search for anti cancer compounds from plant sources. 

The most enthusiastic reports concern the diterpenoids paclitaxel, Taxol (from Taxus brevifolia) and docetaxel, Taxotere (from Taxus baccata) having unique tri- or tetracyclic 20 carbon skeletons extracted from the bark of yew. This tree was known as a toxic plant for animals and humans for centuries. Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani, at the Research Triangle Park (Chapel Hill, USA), identified the active principle of the yew tree in 1971. In 1979, Susan Horwitz of the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (New York) suggested that paclitaxel s mechanism of action was different from that of any previously known cytotoxic agent. She observed an increase in the mitotic index of P388 cells and an inhibition of human HeLa and mouse fibroblast cells in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. 

The discovery of the novel diterpenoid anticancer agent taxol in 1971 by Monroe Wall and his collaborators ranks in retrospect as one of the most significant discoveries ever made in the field of naturally occurring anticancer agents. Although extensive researches have been done on natural anticancer agents, only a handful of plant-derived natural products have been found to show clinically useful activity, and taxol is clearly a member of this group. 

National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored between 1958 and 1980 a number of projects in which more than 35,000 plant species were tested for anticancer activities. Monroe E. Wall and M. C. Wani of Research Triangle Institute obtained a ande extract from the bark of Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia) in 1963, which they demonstrated to be very effective against a wide range of cancers, particularly ovarian and breast cancers. They named the agent Taxol. However, they did not apply for a patent for their discovery. It took several more years to figure out the structure of the compound (1971 see Fig. 7.6 for the structure). 

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