Volume-Based Sensitivities

Besides the higher volume pressure sensitive adhesives discussed above, the industry also uses other synthetic elastomers as the base component for PSA formulation. Most of these elastomers require some form of tackification to make the materials tacky. However, a few materials are low enough in Tg and sufficiently compliant to be useful without requiring compounding with tackifiers. 

The solution is prepared by dissolving 22.3 g (105 mmol) of potassium phosphate (Nakarai Chemicals, Japan) in water and adjusting the final volume to 35 mL. The original method5 used sodium hydroxide as base potassium phosphate is desirable for the extension of the present procedure to base-sensitive compounds. Under such conditions, the reaction with 9-(10-carbomethoxydecanyl)-9-BBN proceeds similarly without saponification of the ester group. 

Fig. 8.2 Measured impact sensitivities (/i50 values) plotted against computed AV for various energetic compounds (a = nitramines, = non-nitramine energetic compounds) (a). Comparison of impact sensitivities predicted on an electrostatically corrected volume-based model [39f,g] (b).

Microscale fluidic systems use small volumes so sensitivity of detection can be a challenge. Any detector for chip-based LC needs to be small and ideally have low power consumption. It is generally a problem of interfacing. Flow cell geometry is also a big factor, e.g. a U cell instead of linear flow cell can give a ten-fold increase in sensitivity for absorbance measurements. Electrochemical detection is very common, mainly ampero-metric and potentiometric, and very amenable to detection on chip. Fluorescence is more sensitive than UV-Vis absorbance and chemiluminescence is sensitive down to a single molecule, similar to LIF. 

Volume-based sample injections are usually made by injecting samples into a non-segmented carrier stream which is subsequently segmented by the extractant downstream. Dispersion of the injected sample before segmentation is therefore a matter of concern if loss of sensitivity through dispersion should be avoided. Toei [22] suggested segmentation of the carrier stream prior to the sample injection to reduce the dispersion of... 

ABSTRACT Continuous measurement of bladder volume is of great interest to patients with paraplegia. Since they lost the ability to percept bladder fullness and are unable to develop the urge to urinate, frequent self-catheterisation due to a fixed time scheme is necessary. Continuous, non-invasive measurement of bladder volume based on impedance measurements is a promising approach to advance from a fixed time scheme to a demand-driven self-catheterisation. In this work, the influence of electrode position on bladder volume measurement sensitivity is explored by finite element simulation. 

A novel method of valveless sample introduction in flow analysis systems called flow-diffusion analysis (FDA) is described Due to the reduction of mechanical parts, i e an injection valve is dispensable, the system becomes very simple and its transformation into the micro-scale should require less effort than the respective transfer of conventional flow-injection systems Additionally, due to the time based sampling, the method is more flexible in terms of sensitivity and linear range compared to established volume based methods... 

In practice, however, any improvement in the sensitivity of an acid-base titration due to an increase in k is offset by a decrease in the precision of the equivalence point volume when the buret needs to be refilled. Consequently, standard analytical procedures for acid-base titrimetry are usually written to ensure that titrations require 60-100% of the buret s volume. 

Critica.1 Properties. Several methods have been developed to estimate critical pressure, temperature, and volume, U). Many other properties can be estimated from these properties. Error propagation can be large for physical property estimations based on critical properties from group contribution methods. Thus sensitivity analyses are recommended. The Ambrose method (185) was found to be more accurate (186) than the Lyderson (187) method, although it is computationally more complex. The Joback and Reid method (188) is only slightly less accurate overall than the Ambrose method, and is more accurate for some specific substances. Other methods of lesser overall accuracy are also available (189,190) (T, (191,192) (T, P ),... 

Equipment—client may not have the equipment required to manufacture a specific product. It may be that available capital and installation time are limited such that they simply can not design, acquire, install and test the process equipment to reach the desired capacity within the available budget and time. If a product is in the early stages of its life cycle, the capital required may be hard to justify. This could be based upon the low initial volume anticipated while developing the market or the need to take advantage of a time-sensitive business opportunity. Tolling can provide a means to safely produce introductoiy, short-term, or small volume products that would otherwise be uneconomic. 

---