Vogel test

Matsuo M, Kataoka Y, Mataki S, Kato Y, Oi K (1996) Conflict situation increases serotonin release in rat dorsal hippocampus In vivo study with microdialysis and Vogel test. 

In this category of models the animal learns a performance, typically to abstain from a behavior that it would normally display according to its natural and current tendency. For example, in the so-called Vogel test a partly water-deprived and thirsty rat learns that, during a signaled period, every lick at the water spout will be followed by a mild electric foot-shock. This sequence induces anxiety and an untreated (control) animal will abstain from drinking. However, animals pretreated with anxiolytic drugs will overcome their inhibition and tolerate at least some of the shocks and drink even when punished. 

Interest in CNS diseases was the basis for an extensive programme directed to the discovery of novel anxiolytic agents at The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute. Binding affinity determinations at the BZD site of the GABAa receptor and two in vivo assays, the Vogel test (anticonflict) and the PTZ seizure test (anticonvulsant), were employed to evaluate the potential anxiolytic activity of test compounds. 

In media selective for enterobacteria a surface-active agent is the main selector, whereas in staphylococcal medium sodium and lithium chlorides are the selectors staphylococci are tolerant of salt concentrations to around 7.5%. Mannitol salt, Baird-Parker (BP) and Vogel-Johnson (VJ) media are three examples of selective staphyloccocal media. Beside salt concentration the other principles are the use of a selective carbon source, mannitol or sodium pyruvate together with a buffer plus acid-base indicator for visualizing metabolic activity and, by inference, growth. BP medium also contains egg yolk the lecithin (phospholipid) in this is hydrolysed by staphylococcal (esterase) activity so that organisms are surrounded by a cleared zone in the otherwise opaque medium. The United States Pharmacopeia (1990) includes a test for staphylococci in pharmaceutical products, whereas the British Pharmacopoeia (1993) does not. 

Vogel EW. 1985. The Drosphila somatic recombination and mutation assay (SRM) using the white-coral somatic eye color system. In Ashby J, de Serres FJ, et al., eds. Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers, 313-317. 

Each selected test strain is grown for 10 h at 37°C in nutrient broth (Oxoid No. 2) or supplemented minimal media (Vogel-Bonner) on an orbital shaker. A timing device can be used to ensure that cultures are ready at the beginning of the working day. 

Mix and pour onto dried Vogel and Bonner minimal medium plates as in an Ames test, including an untreated control and a solvent control, if necessary. The final concentrations of test compound will be 5000, 1500, 500, 150 and 50 pg... 

Crespi et al. 1985 Ferrari et al. 1983 Mailing 1969 Principe et al. 1981 Tan and Hsie 1981). It has been tested for its ability to induce heritable mutations in vivo using fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), mice, and rats. 1,2-Dibromoethane caused heritable mutations in male fruit flies (Kale and Baum 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983 Vogel and Chandler 1974) but not in mice (Epstein et al. 1972 Teramoto et al. 1980) or rats (Teramoto et al. 1980). 

Vogel E, Chandler JL, R. 1974. Mutagenicity testing of cyclamate and some pesticides in Drosophila melanogaster. Experientia 30 621-623. 

Biological. Complete microbial degradation to carbon dioxide was reported under anaerobic conditions by mixed or pure cultures. Under enzymatic conditions formaldehyde was the only product reported (Vogel et al., 1987). In a static-culture-flask screening test, methylene chloride (5 and 10 mg/L) was statically incubated in the dark at 25 °C with yeast extract and settled domestic wastewater inoculum. After 7 d, 100% biodegradation with rapid adaptation was observed (Tabak et al., 1981). 

Vogel BM, Cabral IT, Eidelman N, Narasimhan B, Mallapragada SK (2005) Parallel synthesis and high throughput dissolution testing of biodegradable polyanhydride copolymers. J Comb Chem 7 921-928... 

Vogel, E., Blijleven, W.G.H., Kortselius, M.J.H. and Zijlstra, J.A. (1981) Mutagenic activity of 17 coded compounds in the sex-linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila melanogaster, in Progress in Mutation Research, Volume 1 Evaluation of Short-Term Tests Carcinogens (eds F.J. de Serres and J. Ashby), Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Knoll, A., Vogel, R. F., and Niessen, L. (2002). Identification of Fusarium graminearum in cereal samples by DNA Detection Test Strips . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 34,144-148. 

Johannson OK, Stark FO, Vogel GE, Lacefield RM, Baney RH, Flaningam OL (1969) In Interfaces in composites, ASTM STP 452, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, p 168... 

---