Vitamin serum lipids

Vitamins and lipids are often required for animal cells to grow in serum-free medium. Phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine are key additives that facilitate the growth of the mammary tumor cell line 64024 (Kano-Sueoka and Errick, 1981). In addition, ethanolamine promotes the growth of human lymphocytes and mouse hybridoma cells. Short-term cultures of human diploid lung and foreskin fibroblasts grow in medium that includes among its supplements soybean lecithin, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and vitamin E. 

Toxic compounds polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, chlorinated pesticides, dioxins, veterinary drug residues, hormone residues, aflatoxins, toxic compounds in shellfish. Compoimds of nutritional significance in foods vitamins, fat, lipids, carbohydrates, protein, energy-calorific value, proximates, dietary fibre, ash. Other compounds hormones in blood serum... 

Although nicotinic acid and nicotinamide function identically as vitamins, their pharmacologic effects differ. In large doses (up to 6 g/day), nicotinic acid is effective in reducing serum lipids (low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], triglycerides, and lipoprotein A. Nicotinic acid produces vasodilation and increased blood flow due to histamine release. Nicotinamide does not affect blood lipid levels or the cardiovascular system. 

Geda G, Caksen H, Icagasioglu D. Serum lipids, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels in children receiving long-term valproate therapy. Acta Neurol Belg 2002 102(3) 122-6. 

Ness AR, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Day NE. Vitamin C status and serum lipids. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996 50 724-729. 

Jorgensen R, Lindor K, Sartin J, LaRusso N, Wiesner R (1995) Serum lipid and fat-soluble vitamin levels in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 20 215-219. 

Table I. Effect of a Chronic Marginal Vitamin C Deficiency (19 Weeks on a Diet with 15% Predominantly Saturated Fat and 0.03% Cholesterol) on Blood Serum Lipids in Sated Male Guinea Pigs...

Jorde, R., Grimnes, G. 2011. Vitamin D and metabolic health with special reference to the effect of vitamin D on serum lipids. Prog Lipid Res, 50 303-12. 

Metabolism In a prospective controlled study in 74 patients taking isotretinoin for cystic acne, blood concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate were assessed before and after 45 days of isotretinoin therapy [39 ]. The control group consisted of 80 individuals. Homocysteine concentrations were significantly higher in those who took isotretinoin. The vitamins were unaffected, but serum lipids and liver enzymes increased significantly. These effects may have been due to inhibition of cystathionine-beta-synthase, an enzyme required for the metabolism of homocysteine by either the drug or liver dysfunction. Daily supplementation with vitamin B12 and folate can lower plasma concentrations of homocysteine, and the authors therefore recommended the use of these vitamins in patients taking isotretinoin. 

Mensink, RP, van Houwelingen, AC, Kromhout, D and Homstra, G (1999) A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations. Am. J. CUtl Nutr., 69,... 

After 3 weeks, 15 of the 26 patients were improved, thou none of them cleared completely. A common side effect (after 13-cis- retinoic acid only) was exfoliative cheilitis. In a few cases headaches, diarrhoea, vomiting, and increases in sedimentation rates, transaminases and serum lipids were noted. Schimpf (86 ) treated a group of 33 psoriasis patients with the vitamin A acid derivative Ro 10—9359 (ethyl-all-trans-9(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimeth-yl-2,4,6,8-non-atetraenoate). Furthermore 13 patients with keratoses were treated systemically with Ro 10—9359 the period of treatment varied from 28 days to 9 months. 

The importance of vitamin E for maintenance of lipid integrity in vivo is emphasized by the fact that it is the only major lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant found within plasma, red cells and tissue cells. Esterbauer etal. (1991) have shown that the oxidation resistance of LDL increases proportionately with a-tocopherol concentration. In patients with RA, synovial fluid concentrations of a-tocopherol are significantly lower relative to paired serum samples (Fairburn et al., 1992). The low level of vitamin E within the inflamed joint implies it is being consumed via its role in terminating lipid peroxidation and this will be discussed further in Section 3.3. 

Esterbauer et al. (1991) have demonstrated that /3-carotene becomes an effective antioxidant after the depletion of vitamin E. Our studies of LDL isolated from matched rheumatoid serum and synovial fluid demonstrate a depletion of /8-carotene (Section 2.2.2.2). Oncley et al. (1952) stated that the progressive changes in the absorption spectra of LDL were correlated with the autooxidation of constituent fatty acids, the auto-oxidation being the most likely cause of carotenoid degradation. The observation that /3-carotene levels in synovial fluid LDL are lower than those of matched plasma LDL (Section 2.2.2) is interesting in that /3-carotene functions as the most effective antioxidant under conditions of low fOi (Burton and Traber, 1990). As discussed above (Section 2.1.3), the rheumatoid joint is both hypoxic and acidotic. We have also found that the concentration of vitamin E is markedly diminished in synovial fluid from inflamed joints when compared to matched plasma samples (Fairburn etal., 1992). This difference could not be accounted for by the lower concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins within synovial fluid. The low levels of both vitamin E and /3-carotene in rheumatoid synovial fluid are consistent with the consumption of lipid-soluble antioxidants within the arthritic joint due to their role in terminating the process of lipid peroxidation (Fairburn et al., 1992). 

Guyan et al. 1990) have used several markers of lipid peroxidation (9-cis-, 11-tmns-isomer of linoleic acid, conjugated dienes and ultraviolet fluorescent products) to demonstrate significant increases in the duodenal aspirate after secretin stimulation in patients with acute and clinic pancreatitis. They interpreted this as indicating induction of hepatic and pancreatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in the face of a shortfidl of antioxidant defences, more marked in chronic pancreatitis. Subsequent studies in patients with chronic pancreatitis have confirmed decreased serum concentrations of selenium, -carotene and vitamin E compared with healthy controls (Uden et al., 1992). Basso aol. (1990) have measured increases in lipid peroxides in the sera of patients with chronic... 

In the bile-duct-ligated rat, hepatic mitochondrial lipid peroxides are increased and correlate with serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (Sokol et al., 1991). Dietary vitamin E deficiency resulted in relatively higher lipid peroxide and bilirubin... 

Overproduction of free radicals by erythrocytes and leukocytes and iron overload result in a sharp increase in free radical damage in T1 patients. Thus, Livrea et al. [385] found a twofold increase in the levels of conjugated dienes, MDA, and protein carbonyls with respect to control in serum from 42 (3-thalassemic patients. Simultaneously, there was a decrease in the content of antioxidant vitamins C (44%) and E (42%). It was suggested that the iron-induced liver damage in thalassemia may play a major role in the depletion of antioxidant vitamins. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated dienes were elevated in (3-thalassemic children compared to controls together with compensatory increase in SOD activity [386]. The development of lipid peroxidation in thalassemic erythrocytes probably depends on a decrease in reduced glutathione level and decreased catalase activity [387]. 

Minor chromosomal abnormalities Inhibition of intracellular hydrolytic enzymes of alveolar macrophages increased fraction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes Alterations in blood, including red-cell membrane and enzyme changes and increased serum vitamin E and lipid peroxides Decreased lung DNA synthesis Decreased electric response of specific areas of brain with evoked-response technique... 

Alterations in blood, induding Man red-cell membrane and enzyme diaiiges and increased serum vitamin E and lipid peroxides... 

Hepatic Effects. No studies were located regarding hepatic effects in humans after exposure to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine. Information from animal studies on the liver effects of exposure to 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine suggests that exposme to sufficiently high levels of the compoimd could cause liver injury as indicated by modest elevation in serum transaminase activity, fatty liver (Stula et al. 1978), decrease in hepatic vitamin E, and lipid peroxidation (Iba 1987a Iba and Lang 1988 Iba and Thomas 1988). Some of these effects may contribute to the liver tumors induced. However, it is not known whether these liver injuries will occur in humans exposed to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine at levels at which it occurs at hazardous... 

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