Viruses Inclusion bodies

Vandenbroeck et al.7 used an ELISA to determine the recovery of immu-noreactive porcine interferon-gamma (IFN-y) from E. coli inclusion bodies. The ELISA used a polyclonal coating antibody with detection by a MAb. The inclusion bodies were solubilized in diluted 6 M guanidine/HCl and IFN subsequently refolded by its removal. The antiviral activity of the interferon was measured with a bioassay using the cytopathic effect (CPE) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) on bovine kidney cells. The results of this study showed that the immu-noreactivity measured by ELISA matched the biological activity measured by bioassay. 

The virions of subgroups A and B are occluded in a protein matrix, whereas virions of subgroups C and D have no inclusion bodies (Figure 1). Because the inclusions of subgroup A frequently have a polyhedral shape, they are called polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) or, simply, polyhedra the disease caused by these viruses is known as nuclear polyhedrosis or nucleopolyhedrosis. The virions occluded in polyhedra can be unicapsid (one nucleocapsid per envelope) or multicapsid (more than one nucleocapsid per envelope, usually from two to seven, rarely more). 

A study of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of inclusion body proteins of Baculovlrus subgroups A and B suggests that these viruses have an ancient association with their host insects and may have evolved with them (3). The large number of lepidopteran NPVs and the close genetic relatedness of their polyhedron proteins indicate that Baculovlrus divergence occurred while the Lepldoptera underwent extensive speciatlon during their 40-60 million years of existence. 

Chickenpox in infancy and shingles in adults are caused by the same varicella-zoster virus. Very rarely and almost exclusively in immunosuppressed patients, concomitant hepatitis can occur with pronounced (mainly focal) hepatocellular necrosis, sometimes even with a fatal course. (37) Leucocytic portal and periportal infiltration can spread to the blood vessels and bile capillaries. Intranuclear inclusion bodies are present (s. fig. 23.2). Diagnosis is based on increased GPT, GOT, GDH and y-GT values as well as the presence of varicella IgM antibodies alternatively, pathogens can also be demonstrated in cultures. In children, a differential diagnosis of Reye s syndrome must be considered. As therapy in a severe course, aciclovir is indicated. (38-43)... 

Adenoviruses can be the cause of hepatitis in newborns or immunosuppressed persons, sometimes even with a fulminant course. They bring about the formation of inclusion bodies in the hepatocellular nuclei. Adenovirus infections can be diagnosed either serologically or by virus isolation. (77-79)... 

Hepatic lesions in the case of yellow fever are more likely to correspond to those of hepatosis, (s. p. 404) There is also evidence of distinct acidophilic hepatocellular necrosis as well as microvesicular fatty degeneration of the hepatocytes. Hyaline, eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of degenerated hepatic cells (so-called Councilman bodies) are characteristic and were first identified by w.T. Councilman in 1890 in yellow fever (s. p. 396). Acidophilic inclusion bodies in the hepatocellular nuclei which are arranged concentrically around the nucleolus (so-called Torres corpuscles) correspond to the yellow fever virus (C.M. Torres, 1928). The liver does not present any significant signs of inflammation. The reticular fibre structure is maintained, so that the liver architecture is usually completely restored-provided the outcome of the disease is favourable, (s. fig. 23.4)... 

Using RNA-templated sequencing, vaccine-strain measles virus has been implicated as the cause of death in three immunocompromised children with inclusion body encephalitis (6). The authors referred to a case of measles vaccine virus-associated giant cell pneumonia in a patient with advanced HIV infection. 

The virucidal effects of pH have been studied more extensively for baculoviruses. Ignoffo and Garcia [48] observed a significant reduction in virus activity for inclusion bodies exposed at pH 1.2 and pH 12.4. Similar results were reported for HzSNPV at pH 2 and pH 12 [36], Virus inactivation was recorded at 50% and 88% after 30 min and 24 h respectively, suspended at pH 2 in 1.0 M phosphate buffer. Comparatively, vims suspended at pH 12, in 1.0 M phosphate buffer, was inactivated by 40% and 92% after 30 min and 24 h respectively. Similarly, TnNPV in soil exposed to low pH (4.83-5.22) is rapidly inactivated over a month [113],... 

Pieris brassicae Granulovirus Polyhedral inclusion bodies Pieris rapae Granulovirus Tri-(n-butyl)-phosphate Trichoplusia ni Granulovirus Trichoplusia ni Nuclear Polyhedrosis Vims Vaccinia virus Variola virus... 

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and milder encephalitis are caused by measles virus. Focal lymphocytic inflammation in the leptomeninges and perivascular spaces, with many CD4-positive cells, patchy GFAP-positive fibrillary astrocytosis, and occasional microglial nodules, involves the cerebral cortex. Diffuse mononuclear inflammation, gliosis, and loss of myelin occur in subcortical white matter. Inclusion bodies are Cowdry type A and may be seen on H E-stained slides their specific identification requires IHC. °... 

Fig. 27-5. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in cells infected with Orthopoxviruses, (a) B-type (pale-red, irregular) inclusion, or Guarnieri, bodies, and A-type (large eosinophilic, with halo) inclusion bodies in ectodermal cells of the chorioallantoic membrane, in a pock produced by cowpox virus. A number of nucleated erythrocytes are in the ectoderm and free in the mesoderm, and the surface of the pock is ulcerated. Hematoxylin-eosin stain, (b) This section of the skin of a patient with hemorrhagic-type smallpox shows Guarnieri bodies and free erythrocytes below an early vesicle. Hematoxylin-eosin stain. Photographs Reprinted with permission from Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi ID. Smallpox and Its Eradication. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization 1988 85.

Inclusion body (1) An aggregation of reticulate bodies within chlamydias. (2) A form of cytopathic effect consisting of viral components, masses of viruses, or remnants of viruses. 

Ignoffo, C. M. Garcia, C. Combination of environmental fectors and simulated sunlight affecting activity of inclusion bodies of the Heliothis (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) nucleopolyhedrosis virus. Environ. Entomol 1992,21,210-213. 

Ozden S, Gessain A, Gout O, Mikol J. (2001) Sporadic inclusion body myositis in a patient with human T cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy. Clin Infect Disil, 510-514. 

Ozden S, Cochet M, Mikol J et al. (2004) Direct evidence for a chronic CDS -I- -T-cell-mediated immune reaction to tax within the muscle of a human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1-infected patient with sporadic inclusion body myositis. J Virol 78, 10320-10327. 

---