Inflammation Lymphocytes

Emslie-Smith et al.81 treated female Lewis rats with EBT and nonimplicated L-tryptophan intraperitoneally and studied muscle. They reported based upon only a few rats that EBT-treated rats had a few necrotic muscle fibers and some revealed thickened perimysium and fascia with inflammation (lymphocytes, macrophages, and sparse eosinophils). 

For the pathogenesis of multiple sklerosis, autoimmune T-lymphocy tes play a predominant role, which are directed against components of the neural myelin sheath. T-lymphocy tes by secreting cytokines such as interferon y maintain the chronic inflammation which destructs the myelin sheath. Also cytotoxic T-lymphocytes may participate directly. The cause of multiple sklerosis is unknown. Significantly increased antibody titers against several vitusses, mostly the measles virus, point to a (latent) virus infection initiating the disease. 

Frequently, the EAR is followed by a late phase response 4-6 h later and it is caused by the pulmonary sequestration of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and T-lymphocytes. This leukocyte recruitment depends on mast cell-derived mediators such as TNFa and various chemokines, as well as on the expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes (e.g. VLA-4, CD11/18) and vascular endothelial cells (e.g. VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin). Products of these leukocytes have several functions First, they cause the second phase of bron-choconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway swelling second, they cause tissue destruction third, they launch and entertain the chronic inflammation. 

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Therefore steroids represent the most important and most frequently used medication. Already after the fust treatment, steroids reduce cellular infiltration, inflammation, and the LAR, whereas changes in the EAR require prolonged treatment to lower the existent IgE levels. The mechanisms of steroid actions are complex and only incompletely understood. Besides their general antiinflammatory properties (see chapter glucocorticoids), the reduction of IL-4 and IL-5 production from T-lymphocytes is particularly important for asthma therapy. The introduction of inhaled steroids, which have dramatically limited side effects of steroids, is considered one of the most important advancements in asthma therapy. Inhaled steroids (beclomethasone, budesonide, fluticasone, triamcinolone, momethasone) are used in mild, moderate, and partially also in severe asthma oral steroids are used only in severe asthma and the treatment of status asthmaticus. Minor side effects of most inhaled steroids are hoarseness and candidasis, which are avoided by the prodrug steroid ciclesonide. 

COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease that results from prolonged and repeated inhalation of particles and gases, chronic (or latent) infection or an interaction of these factors. In many cases, the inflammation persists even when the exposure (in most cases smoking) is stopped. Prominent among the infiltrating leukocytes are neutrophils, CD8+ lymphocytes (Co-receptor for the T-cell receptor. CD8+ is specific for the class IMHC protein. It is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer cells.) and CD68+ monocytic cells (A lysosomal antigen. All cells that rich in... 

Tuckermann JP, Kleiman A, McPherson KG et al (2005) Molecular- mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the control of inflammation and lymphocyte apoptosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 42 71-104... 

Multiple scelerosis is an autoimmune disease mediated by T and B lymphocytes and macrophages. This is characterized by extensive inflammation and demyelination of the myelin sheath that surrounds the nerve fiber. The death of the nerve fiber results in a variety of symptoms that can lead to impairment of movement, paralysis, and death. 

The histopathological features of PM may be radically different from those of JDM and ADM. There is little, if any, evidence of involvement of the micro vasculature and the muscle necrosis which occurs appears to be the direct result of targeting of individual muscle fibers. In the dermatomyositis syndromes, antibody-dependent humoral mechanisms are predominant and B-lymphocytes are seen to be the most abundant cell type in almost all JDM cases and a substantial proportion of ADM cases. In contrast, most muscle biopsies from PM patients show evidence of inflammation in which TS (cytotoxic) lymphocytes predominate (Figure 20). Moreover, the distribution of inflammatory cell infiltrates tends to be different. Instead of the mainly perifascicular location of lymphocytes in JDM/ADM, there... 

Selectins Play Key Roles in Inflammation in Lymphocyte Homing... 

Inflammation is present in the lungs of all smokers. It is unclear why only 15% to 20% of smokers develop COPD, but susceptible individuals appear to have an exaggerated inflammatory response.5 O The inflammation of COPD differs from that seen in asthma, so the use of anti-inflammatory medications and the response to those medications are different. The inflammation of asthma is mainly mediated through eosinophils and mast cells. In COPD the primary inflammatory cells include neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. 

Agace WW, Roberts Al, Wu L, Greineder C, Ebert EC, Parker CM. Human intestinal lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes express receptors specific for chemokines induced by inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2000 30 819-826. 

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