White subcortical

Nunes, M. C., Roy, N. S., Keyoung, H. M. et al. Identification and isolation of multipotential neural progenitor cells from the subcortical white matter of the adult human brain. Nat. Med. 9 439-447,2003. 

Higher aromatase activity in human cerebral cortex than subcortical white matter ... 

CYP7B1 mRNA found in human hippocampus by Northern blot (Wu et al., 1999). Enzyme activity higher in human cerebral neocortex than subcortical white matter no sex differences (Steckelbroeck et al., 2002). 

Figure 4.4 General structure of the brain the central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The brain consists of the brain stem (medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons, mesencephalon, diencephalon) and the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia).

Fig. 51 Staining for PSA-NCAM, / III-tubulin, or Doublecortin in the subcortical white matter of postnatal (P14) or adult postischemic day-23 monkey brains. Note the lack of positive cells in the adult monkey white matter contrasting with the numerous positive clusters (left column arrows) in the postnatal brain. In adult brain, positive clusters were invariably in the vicinity of SVZa (right column arrows). Clusters depicted by arrows are magnified in the insets. The position of the visual field corresponds to the frame on the schematic map. F, frontal cortex WM, white matter S, striatum. Asterisk, anterior horn of lateral ventricle. Scale bar = 400 pm...

Lehmenkiihler A, Sykova E, Svoboda J, Zilles K, Nicholson C. Extracellular space parameters in the rat neocortex and subcortical white matter during postnatal development determined by diffusion analysis. Neuroscience 1993, 55, 339-351. 

Fig. 13.5 Example of the multi-scale modeling approach for a functional network of two subcortical substructures in interaction and implied in motor behavior (in this example, black arrow is for excitation and white arrow for inhibition).

Cerebral microangiopathic disease - also termed small-vessel or white-matter disease, leukoaraio-sis and subcortical vascular encephalopathy (SVE)... 

DWI promises to have tremendous value in accurately localizing the subcortical or brainstem lesion(s). A summary of studies of DWI in patients with lacunar stroke is provided in Table 13.2. It is noteworthy that there is also a group of patients with lacunar infarction who harbor multiple chronic white matter lesions on the conventional MRI and present with non-specific syndromes that could not be attributed to a specific arterial territory. Such symptoms include worsening of a preexisting dysarthria, dysphagia or ataxia, sudden appearance of emotional incontinence or recent onset bowel or bladder problems. Excellent diagnostic performance of DWI in lacunar infarctions may help to prove ischemia as the cause of non-specific neurological symptoms in such patients. 

In normal elderly controls, non-specific periventricular and subcortical T2-hyperintense lesions of the brain are a common finding and are reported in 27%-92% of the elderly population (Breteler et al. 1994 de Leeuw et al. 2001). In asymptomatic individuals over 50 years of age, changes in the white matter on T2-weighted, proton density and FLAIR images are frequently found, varying from a few scattered lesions in the centrum semiovale or peri-... 

Subcortical white matter infarcts may mimic a superficial MCA infarct causing a partial anterior circulation syndrome or present as a lacunar syndrome (pure motor, ataxic hemiparesis or sensori motor stroke). Superficial perforating artery infarcts (medullary branches) are often accompanied by cortical spotty lesions. Borderzone and white matter medullary branches infarctions are usually caused by hypoperfusion due lo large vessel occlusion or stenosis (Bogousslavsky 1993 Donnan and Yasaka 1998), but white matter medullary branches infarction can also be caused by cardioembolism (Lee et al. 2003). 

Lee PH, Bang OY, Oh SH et al (2003) Subcortical white matter infarcts. Comparison of superficial perforating artery and internal borderzone infarcts using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 34 2630-2635 Leys D, Mounier-Vehier F, Lavenu I et al (1994) Anterior choroidal artery territory infarcts. Study of presumed mechanisms. Stroke 25 837-842... 

Fig. 16.9. A 44-year-old lady found comatose after cardiac arrest. Bilateral hyperintensities on diffusion-weighted images (DWI) are present in the cortex. There are also hyperintensities in the basal ganglia and subcortical white matter with associated diminished ADC values (right top), best seen...

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