Viruses Diphtheria

Vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus combined Pediarix Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus, and poliomyelitis immunization Sfee adverse reactions against individual vaccines. Primary immunization series 3 doses of 0.5 mLat 6-to 8-week intervals IM (first dose is 2 months of age, but may be given as early as 6 weeks of age)... 

Propagated outbreaks of infection relate to the direct transmission of an infective agent from a diseased individual to a healthy, susceptible one. Mechanisms of such transmission were described in Chapter 4 and include inhalation of infective aerosols (measles, mumps, diphtheria), direct physical contact (syphilis, herpes virus) and, where sanitation standards are poor, through the introduction of infected faecal material into drinking water (cholera, typhoid). The ease oftransmission, and hence the rate of onset of an epidemic (Fig. 16.3) relates not only to the susceptibility status, and general state of health of the individuals but also to the virulence properties of the organism, the route oftransmission, the duration of the infective period associated with the disease. 

It is well known, for example, that about 5 per cent of the people who become infected with typhoid germs become typhoid carriers and continue indefinitely to harbor an active colony (harmless to them) of typhoid bacilli in their intestinal tracts. There is abundant evidence of graded susceptibility there are many mild cases, and the incubation time in different individuals may be from 3 to 30 days, indicating variable resistance. The fact that about 70 per cent of the carriers are women suggests that the constitutional characteristics which make it possible for individuals to endure the presence of the organisms are in some way sex-linked in their inheritance. The evidence with respect to typhoid carriers, diphtheria carriers, scarlet-fever carriers, poliomyelitis-virus carriers, etc., makes it seem probable that "carriers" enter into the dissemination of many other milder infections, and... 

Common childhood vaccines include the three-in-one measles, mumps and rubella and the diphtheria vaccine. Infectious mononucleosis, also knov/n as glandular fever, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and no vaccine is available. 

The controversy has reappeared with the introduction of a five component children s vaccine containing diphtheria, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella although this should be much more convenient and contains a killed polio instead of an attenuated virus which is known to occasionally revert to the active form, albeit in single numbers per million injections. In this case the children s vaccine should be safer and more convenient. 

Abbreviations. DTaP, diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertusis vaccine Hep A, hepatitis A Hep B, hepatitis B IPV, inactivated polio vaccine HBV, hepatitis B virus. 

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is exploited by some toxins and viruses to gain entry to cells. Influenza virus (see Fig. 11-24), diphtheria toxin, and cholera toxin all enter cells in this way. 

NORTHRUP, JOHN H. (1891-1987). An American chemist who won a Nobel prize in chemistry in 1946 along with James B. Sumner and Wendell M. Stanley. His work was primarily concerned with isolation and crystallization of enzymes. Many first included the production of the enzyme trypsin in the laboratory and isolation of the first bacterial virus. He was also responsible for producing diphtheria antitoxin in crystalline form. His education was at eastern schools including Harvard. Yale, and Princeton. 

Recombinant techniques (Ogra et al. 2001) for generating purified antigens in large quantities have been used for the development of several vaccines including the hepatitis B virus vaccine (oral hepatitis B vaccine based on live recombinant adenovirus) (Lubeck et al. 1989). Other examples of recombinantly produced vaccines include vaccines containing tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxin, and acellular pertussis toxoid. 

Vaccines can be roughly categorized into killed vaccines and live vaccines. A killed vaccine can be (/) an inactivated, whole microorganism such as pertussis, (.2) an inactivated toxin, called toxoid, such as diphtheria toxoid, or (5) one or more components of the microorganism commonly referred to as subunit vaccines. The examples are capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the surface antigen protein for Hepatitis B virus vaccine. 

Misra, A Ganga, S. Upadhyay, P. Needle-free, non-adjuvanted skin immunization by electroporation-enhanced transdermal delivery of diphtheria toxoid and a candidate peptide vaccine against hepatitis B virus. Vaccine 1999, 18, 517-523. 

Between 1976 and 1985, seven cases of neurological disease were reported to have occurred in Germany among young children after simultaneous administration of oral pohovirus vaccine and diphtheria-tetanus toxoids or diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (31). However, the virological data were incomplete only one case was confirmed by the isolation of a vaccine-like polio virus, and in three cases the clinical symptoms did not correspond to poliomyelitis. The author concluded that in some cases the simultaneous administration of injectable vaccines cannot be excluded as a cause for paralysis. 

The only positive findings have been severe serum IgG deficiency and subnormal levels of antibodies to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid following adequate challenge. Serum and salivary IgA and the response to oral poliomyelitis vaccine (presumably mainly in the IgA class) have usually been normal, as have serum IgM and isohemagglutinins. Neutro-phile function, lymphocyte transformation, and the responses to vaccinia and childhood virus infections were all normal. This seems a milder disease than Bruton s and does well on y-globulin prophylaxis or even only with prompt treatment of infections. 

Curly Top Virus of Sugar Beets Cyanogen Chloride Dengue Fever Dibenz-(b,f)-l,4-oxazepine Diphenylchloroarsine Diphenylcy anoarsine Diphosgene Diphtheria... 

---