Tetanus-diphtheria toxoid

If the immunization history of a patient with anything other than a clean minor wound is not known, tetanus/diphtheria toxoids should be administered. Both tetanus/diphtheria toxoids and tetanus immune globulin should be administered to patients who have never been immunized. 

Tetanus diphtheria toxoids/PMC [BIO] Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids adsorbed for adult use [FDA]... 

Bakshi R, Graves MC. GuiUain-Barre syndrome after combined tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination. J Neurol Sci 1997 147(2) 201-2. 

Wahn U, Aalberse RC Down-regulation of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid by co-vaccination with cellular Bordetellapertussis vaccine. J Immunol 2001 15 167 2411-2417. dS... 

In the 1940s, diphtheria toxoid was combined with tetanus toxoid and whole cell pertussis vaccines, and later with the acellular pertussis vaccine. The diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine are part of the routine childhood immunization schedule. Diphtheria toxoid is also combined with tetanus toxoid and is commonly used as a booster vaccine. The pediatric product (DT) has a higher amount of diphtheria toxoid than does the adult product (Td). Diphtheria toxoid is not available as an individual vaccine. 

Recent outbreaks of diphtheria have demonstrated that immunity wanes in adulthood. Approximately 50% of all adults no longer have immunity to diphtheria. Regular boosters with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids every 10 years will provide adequate recall immunity to diphtheria provided the adult was previously immunized.2... 

Immunity to tetanus decreases with increasing age, therefore a regular booster every 10 years with tetanus toxoid is recommended. The preferred agent to use in adults is tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td) in order to give a booster for diphtheria. Tetanus immunization status should be assessed in the management of wounds in individuals seeking medical care. A tetanus booster should be administered if a tetanus-containing... 

The first pertussis whole cell vaccine was a mixture of killed organisms that was associated with frequent local and systemic reactions. In the late 1980s, an acellular pertussis vaccine was introduced that contains purified pertussis components that are immunogenic but associated with fewer adverse reactions. Acellular pertussis vaccine is available in combination with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. Pertussis is not available as a separate vaccine component. In the spring of 2005, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines for use in adolescents and adults. 

Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) is recommended as a single booster for the following groups in place of a tetanus booster. 

Tdap tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular... 

The most common carrier proteins in use today are keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH MW 4.5 X 105 to 1.3 X 107), BSA (MW 67,000), aminoethylated (or cationized) BSA (cBSA), thyroglobulin (MW 660,000), ovalbumin (OVA MW 43,000), and various toxoid proteins, including tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid. Other proteins occasionally used include myoglobin, rabbit serum albumin, immunoglobulin molecules (particularly IgG) from bovine or mouse sera, tuberculin purified protein derivative, and synthetic polypeptides such as poly-L-lysine and poly-L-glutamic acid. 

Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). 

Administer at age 11-12 years for those who have completed the recommended childhood DTP/DTaP vaccination series and have not received a tetanus and diphtheria toxoids vaccine (Td) booster dose. 

Adults with uncertain histories of a complete primary vaccination series with tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines should begin or complete a primary vaccination series. A primary series for adults is 3 doses of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines administerthe first2 doses at least 4 weeks apart and the third dose 6-12 months after the second. However, Tdap can substitute for any one of the doses of Td in the 3-dose primary series. The booster dose of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaocine should be administered to adults who have completed a primary series and if the last vaccination was received >10 years previously. Tdap or Td vaccine may be used, as indicated. 

Two strengths of diphtheria toxoid are available (pediatric [D] and adult, which contains less antigen). Primary immunization with D is indicated for children younger than 6 weeks of age. Generally, D is given along with acellular pertussis and tetanus vaccines (DTaP) at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, and then at 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years of age. 

For nonimmunized adults, a complete three-dose series of diphtheria toxoid should be administered, with the first two doses given at least 4 weeks apart and the third dose given 6 to 12 months after the second. The combined preparation, tetanus-diphtheria, is recommended in adults because it contains less diphtheria toxoid than DTaP, with fewer reactions seen from the diphtheria preparation. Booster doses are given every 10 years. 

Td = Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, adsorbed (for adult use), which is a combined preparation containing <2 flocculation units of diphtheria toxoid... 

The tri-immunal preparation from Wyeth-Ayerst contains 6.7 Lf units of diphtheria toxoid, 5 Lf units of tetanus toxoid, and 4 protective units of pertussis vaccine in each dose of 0.5 mL. In a 7.5-mL dosage form of the tri-immunal preparation, how many Lf units of diphtheria toxoid are present ... 

Fig. 16.3 Literature network of 26 genes shared in mice, which were immunized with diphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid and different adjuvants (5). The 26 shared genes were submitted to the PubGene software (version 2.6) together with the key word immune response. The gene names were translated into primary symbols by the software. These primary symbols formed a literature network with a functional relationship to immune response, confirming their role in immune response after vaccination. The number of cocitations ranged from 1 to 5198...

Each lyophilisate for one immunising dose of diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and pertussis with Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine contains Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus protein 10 meg, purified diphtheria toxoid 1 immunising dose, purified tetanus toxoid 1 immunising dose, Bordetella pertussis minimum of 4.1 lU. 

Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids combined aluminum phosphate adsorbed [or alum precipitated] [FDA former]... 

Tetanus-diphtheria (Td or DT)3 Toxoids Intramuscular Two doses 4-8 weeks apart, and a third dose 6-12 months after the second Every 10 years or a single booster at age 50 1. All adults... 

Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) Toxoids and inactivated bacterial components Intramuscular Substitute 1 dose of Tdap for Td in patients 19-64 years of age None All adults < 65 years... 

Td is tetanus and diphtheria toxoids for use in persons <7 years of age (contains less diphtheria toxoid than DPT and DT). DT is tetanus and diphtheria toxoids for use in persons < 7 years of age (contains the same amount of diphtheria toxoid as DPT). 

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