Self-assembly biological

The quaternary protein structure is the manner in which individual proteins come together, through non-covalent interactions, to form larger assemblies comprised of several separate polypeptide chains. For example, haemoglobin is made up from four separate myoglobin sub-units. 

A similar terminology is occasionally applied to synthetic structures. The primary and secondary structures represent individual molecules and discrete supramolecular complexes, respectively. Tertiary structure can be observed between supramolecules and quaternary structure may exist in some macroscale systems. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that is responsible for encoding the genetic information that makes life possible. The structure of DNA itself arises from supramolecular interactions. Just one strand of DNA contains all of the necessary information for an entire organism, an incredible feat of biological 

---

Chirality is an essential property of life, which can be found throughout all biological self-assembled and self-organized architectures. Over many millennia nature has, through trial and error, learned how to utilize the chiral properties of the small building blocks, for example, amino acids and nucleic acids and how to express this structural property in a hierarchical process at the quaternary level. This expression of chirality at the quaternary level in turn... 

Biological research, rubidium in, 27 823 Biological self-assembly, of... 

DIFFUSION OF LIGAND TO RECEPTOR Biological self-assembly, QUASI-EQUIVALENCE... 

There is a range of biological self-assembled polymer fibres such as amyloids, actins and fibrin that have important positive and negative roles in biochemistry. These biopolymers act as an inspiration for supramolecular design and share many features in common with their abiotic analogues. We will mention them briefly here in the context of supramolecular polymers. 

This approach mimics familiar biological self-assembly phenomena such as protein folding [ 192], protein aggregation [ 192] and nucleotide pairing [ 188]. It incorporates features described in each of the above strategies (i.e., I—III), to give specialized nanoscopic structures, that can be precisely designed, usually with excellent control over CMDPs. Recent examples include so called structure directed synthesis by Stoddart [3a] (see Chapter 1 of this book) to produce toroidal bis-bipyridinium cyclophanes that are reminiscent of a molecular abacus , melamine-cyanuric acid lattices by Whitesides [193] and unique helical structures based on coordination of bipyridyl units to copper (II) ions by Lehn [194],... 

Biological Self-Assembly Using DNA as Construction Tool This is a technique that has been adopted to produce 2D or 3D nanosystems by utilizing the basepairing affinity of DNA [149,150]. 

Biological self-assembly using DNA can be described as a process that allows the systematic assembly of molecules with high levels of precision and accuracy without external constraints or influences. This allows the construction of nanoscale objects to the desired structure, conformation, and composition very rapidly and without the need for complex processing techniques and conditions. 

Dumoulin M, Kumita JR, Dobson CM. Normal and aberrant biological self-assembly Insights from studies of human lysozyme and its amyloidogenic variants. Acc. Chem. Res. 2006 39 603-610. 

---