Virus adenovirus

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, foscarnet-resistant CMV, ganciclovir-resistant CMV, varicella-zoster virus... 

Infants with SCID have profound immunodehciency and present with frequent episodes of diarrhea, pneumonia, otitis, sepsis, and cutaneous infections. Persistent infections with opportunistic organisms such as Pneumocystis carinii, Epstein-Barr virus, Candida albicans, cytomegalovirus, parainhuenzae 3 virus, respiratory syncitial virus, adenovirus, varicella, and bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lead to death within the hrst or second year of life. ADA dehciency also occurs in adults, but with a much later onset and nhlder, but clinically discernible, immunodehciency [3,5]. 

Among the viruses widely used for gene therapy are those used to obtain heterologous proteins from animal cells, particularly RNA viruses (retrovirus and lentivirus) and DNA viruses (adenovirus, adeno-associated viruses, and herpesvirus). Table 21.1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each virus as a carrier in gene therapy. 

Perhaps the most spectacular homology seen to date is the similarity between the hexon protein of a mammalian virus, adenovirus, and the P3 coat protein of a bacteriophage PRDl, both containing two jelly-roll domains (Athappilly et al, 1994 Benson et al, 1999). This only goes to show that as our understanding of other viral proteins expands, so will the homologies that will likely become apparent. 

The DNA tumor virus adenovirus produces a 55-kDa protein from the ElB region of its genome, which binds and inactivates p53. It was hypothesized that an adenovirus lacking ElB would not be able to replicate in normal cells but would in cancer cells lacking p53 function. For this reason, ONYX-015, an ElB gene-attenuated adenovirus was compared with normal adenovirus in human and colonic cancer cell lines with and without p53 function. As expected, the ONYX-015 virus replicated as efficiently as the normal virus in the cell line lacking wild-type p53, but not in the line with normal p53 function. This vector is in early clinical trials. 

Respiratory syncytial virus and other common respiratory pathogens (parainfluenza virus, adenovirus)... 

Vidarabine is used mainly in human HSV-1 and HSV-2 encephalitis, decreasing the mortality rate from 70 to 30%. Whitley et al. (57) reported that early vidarabine therapy is helpful in controlling complications of localized or disseminated herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. Vidarabine also is useful in neonatal herpes labialis or genitalis, vaccinia virus, adenovirus, RNA viruses, papovavirus, CMV, and smallpox virus infections. Given the efficacy of vidarabine in certain viral infections, the U.S. FDA approved a 3% ointment for the treatment of herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis, and a 2% IV injection for the treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis and herpes zoster infections (Table 43.3). A topical ophthalmic preparation of vidarabine is useful in herpes simplex keratitis but shows little promise in herpes simplex labialis or genitalis. The monophosphate esters of vidarabine are more water-soluble and can be used in smaller volumes and even intramuscularly. These esters are under clinical investigation for the treatment of hepatitis B, systemic and cutaneous herpes simplex, and herpes zoster virus infections in immunocompromised patients. 

D. are undergoing preclinical testing against carcinomas caused by viruses (adenoviruses, leukemia, papilloma, etc.). ... 

Genetically engineered viruses Adenovirus, adeno-provide a highly evolved associated virus, retro-method of inserting genetic virus, lentivirus material (DNA or RNA) into mammalian cells... 

A detailed analysis of the involvement of microtubules in cytopathic effects was made by Ebina et al. (1978) who infected cells with poliovirus, Sendai virus, adenovirus, and herpesvirus in order to examine the effect of each virus on the formation of microtubular par-acrystals induced by vinblastine sulfate in HeLa-S3 cells. In polio-virus-infected cells, the cytopathic effect (cell rounding) and inhibition of paracrystal formation were both noted at 4 hr postinfection, proceeding in parallel. In the case of Sendai virus infection, no effect on paracrystal formation could be noted despite a syncytial cytopathic effect. In adenovirus- and herpesvirus-infected cells, inhibition of paracrystal formation occurred well before the cytopathic effect and was not blocked by UV irradiation or nucleic acid analogues but was by inhibition of protein synthesis. These findings led Ebina et al. (1978) to the hypothesis that early viral proteins are responsible for inhibition of microtubule formation and the cytopathic effect (cell rounding) except that Sendai virus did not cause this type of cytopathology. 

Viruses, also, can be an important and often unappreciated cause of nosocomial pneumonia, causing as many as 20% of endemic nosocomial pneumonia infections (1). Nosocomial respiratory viral infections have exogenous sources and usually follow community outbreaks occurring during particular times of the year (8-15). A number of viruses—adenoviruses, influenza virus. 

Influenza virus A Respiratory syncytial virus Adenovirus Fungi... 

---