Protein heterologous

Yeasts. Among the eukaryotic microbes yeast has drawn a lot of attention for the production of heterologous proteins (see Yeasts) (25). 

McGovern, A. C. Ernill, R. Kara, B. V. Kell, D. B. Goodacre, R. Rapid analysis of the expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli using pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with chemometrics Application to a2- interferon production. J. Biotechnol. 1999, 72,157-167. 

Macauley-Patrick, S., Fazenda, M.L., McNeil, B. and Harvey, L.M. (2005) Heterologous protein production using the Pichia pastoris expression system. Yeast, 22, 249-270. 

Other Gram-positive food-grade bacteria, such as the corynebacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum, may soon become attractive hosts for heterologous protein production due to low... 

Terpe, K. (2006) Overview of bacterial expression systems for heterologous protein production from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 72 (2), 211-222. 

Hensing, M.C., Rouwenhorst, R.J., Heijnen, J.J. et al. (1995) Physiological and technological aspects of large-scale heterologous-protein production with yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 67 (3), 261—279. 

Cereghino, J.L. and Cregg, J.M. (2000) Heterologous protein expression in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 24 (1), 45-66. 

Dominguez, A., Ferminan, E., Sanchez, M. et al. (1998) Non-conventional yeasts as hosts for heterologous protein production. International Microbiology, 1 (2), 131-142. 

Madzak, C., Gaillardin, C. and Beckerich, J.M. (2004) Heterologous protein expression and secretion in the non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. a review. Journal of Biotechnology, 109 (1—2), 63—81. 

Morlino, G.B., Tizzani, L., Fleer, R. et al. (1999) Inducible amplification of gene copy number and heterologous protein production in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65 (11), 4808 1813. 

Streatfield, S.J. (2007) Approaches to achieve high-level heterologous protein production in plants. Plant... 

Margarit Y Ros, I. Rodriguez, F. Serbolisca, L. P., and De Ferra, F. Means and methods for the expression of homologous and heterologous proteins in strains of Rhodococcus. Patent No. EP1127943. 

Means and methods for the expression of homologous and heterologous proteins in strains of Rhodococcus [4],... 

This chapter evaluates some of the approaches used to produce vaccines and heterologous proteins in plants using plant virus-based expression systems, and discusses novel strategies that are being considered for the development of better vectors. 

The expression of recombinant proteins in cells in which they do not naturally occur is termed heterologous protein production (Chapter 3). The first biopharmaceutical produced by genetic engineering to gain marketing approval (in 1982) was recombinant human insulin (tradename Humulin ), produced in E. coli. An example of a more recently approved biopharmaceutical that is produced in E. coli is that of Kepivance, a recombinant keratinocyte growth factor used to treat oral mucositis (Chapter 10). Many additional examples are provided in subsequent chapters. 

High levels of expression of heterologous proteins can be achieved in recombinant E. coli (Table 5.3). Modern, high-expression promoters can routinely ensure that levels of expression of the recombinant protein reach up to 30 per cent total cellular protein. 

The vast bulk of proteins synthesized naturally by E. coli (i.e. its homologous proteins) are intracellular. Few are exported to the periplasmic space or released as true extracellular proteins. Heterologous proteins expressed in E. coli thus invariably accumulate in the cell cytoplasm. Intracellular protein production complicates downstream processing (relative to extracellular production) as ... 

The practical potential of yeast-based production systems has been confirmed by the successful expression of a whole range of proteins of therapeutic interest in such systems. However, a number of disadvantages relating to heterologous protein production in yeast have been recognized. These include ... 

In most instances, expression levels of heterologous proteins remain less than 5 per cent of total cellular protein. This is significantly lower than expression levels typically achieved in recombinant E. coli systems. 

The production of heterologous proteins in transgenic animals has gained much attention in the recent past. The generation of transgenic animals is most often undertaken by directly microinject-ing exogenous DNA into an egg cell. In some instances, this DNA will be stably integrated into... 

Variability of expression levels. Although in many cases the expression levels of heterologous proteins exceed 1 g 1 I, expression levels as low as 1.0 mg l-1 have been obtained in some instances. 

---