Viral mortality

Proctor LM, Fuhrman JA (1990) Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria. Nature 343 60-62... 

Probyn, T. A., Waldron, H. N., and James, A. G. (1990). Size-fractionated measurements of nitrogen uptake in ages upweUed waters Implications for pelagic food webs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 202—210. Proctor, L. M., and Fuhrman, 1. A. (1990). Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria. Nature 343, 60-62. 

Lytic viral mortality of bacteria in marine systems has been studied with 3 basic approaches (1) by examining the percentage of visually infected bacterial cells. 

Bratbak, G., Egge, J. K., and Heldal, M. (1993). Viral mortality of the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae) and termination of algal blooms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 93, 39-48. 

Viral infections continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality and at the same time continue to be resistant to treatment by small molecules. Avridine (6) is an antiviral compound which has shown some activity in a variety of animal tests apparently based upon its ability to stimulate a number of cells to produce the high molecular weight endogenous antiviral substance interferon. Thus, the compound is believed to operate indirectly by stimulating the body s own natural defenses against viral penetration into host cells. Avridine is synthesized by... 

Reye syndrome is a rare disorder in children, characterized by a combination of severe liver disorder and encephalopathy (central nervous system (CNS) disturbances) that can follow an acute viral illness and which has a relatively high mortality. It has been found to be... 

General outcomes for treating hepatitis are to (1) prevent the spread of the disease (2) prevent and treat symptoms (3) suppress viral replication (4) normalize hepatic aminotransferases (5) improve histology on liver biopsy and (6) decrease morbidity and mortality by preventing cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ESLD. 

Recipients of HCT are at higher risk of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections and usually receive a prophylactic or preemptive regimen to minimize the morbidity and mortality owing to infectious complications. 

Exon JH, Roller LD, Kerkvliet NI. 1979. Lead-cadmium interaction Effects on viral-induced mortality and tissue residues in mice. Arch Environ Health 34 469-475. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Drug induced noncardiac pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atypical pneumonias, and viral influenza. Mortality Rate (untreated) <15%. 

AIDS is associated with aberrant lymphocyte production and it has been proposed that Li+ may have a potential role in reversing this. Additionally, 3 -azido-3"deoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine), an effective inhibitor of viral reverse transcriptase that reduces mortality in AIDS patients, induces hematopoietic suppression in patients resulting in anemia, neutropenia, and overall bone-marrow failure [220]. In murine AIDS, the coadministration of Li+ effectively moderates this toxicity of AZT in vivo [221,222]. There are several case reports where Li+ has been administered to help reduce the hematopoietic suppression in HIV-infected patients taking AZT (for example, see ref. 223). To date, the use of Li+ has been limited to a few weeks of treatment, and varying degrees of success have been achieved nevertheless the outlook in this field is quite hopeful. 

Arsenicals were ineffective in controlling certain bacterial and viral infections. Mice experimentally infected with bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonias) or viruses (pseudorabies, encephalitis, encephalmyocarditis) showed a significant increase in mortality when treated with large doses of arsenicals compared to nonarsenic-treated groups (NAS 1977 Aranyi et al. 1985). 

Probability of progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is related to RNA viral load in one study, 5-year progression rates to AIDS were 8% and 62% for RNA copies per milliliter of less than 4,530 and greater than 36,270, respectively. The mortality rates were 5% and 49%, respectively. 

Influenza is a viral illness associated with high mortality and high hospitalization rates among persons younger than age 65 years. Seasonal influenza epidemics result in 25 to 50 million influenza cases, approximately 200,000 hospitalizations, and more than 30,000 deaths each year in the United States. Overall, more people die of influenza than of any other vaccine-preventable illness. 

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