Viewpoints simultaneous

The reaction system converts from one (Eq. 2-37), that is, from the kinetic viewpoint, simultaneously competitive, consecutive (series) and competitive, simultaneous (parallel) to one (Eq. 2-38) that is only competitive, simultaneous. The polymerization consists of the B and B functional groups reacting independently with A groups. The rates of disappearance of A, B, and B functional groups are given hy... 

The problem is not how to increase complexity, however, but how to manage these viewpoints within documents that persuade individuals to act safely in the workplace. While the complexity of this accumulated body of these multiple viewpoints may improve the adequacy of documentation, the sheer volume of information creates rhetorical problems when individuals must determine a course of action. If documents represent too many potential viewpoints simultaneously, readers can easily become overwhelmed and overcautious. In a crisis, the number of competing demands, and the unpredictability of outcomes, increases exponentially. In hazardous environments, the day-to-day problem of safety places great demands upon the workers. To work safely underground, individuals must maintain their focus on normal hazards to prevent new losses even as they adjust their focus to handle rapidly changing and frequently unpredictable hazards. 

The present chapter demonstrates how individuals are able to manage multiple perspectives in speech alone. Chapters 7—9 show how individuals employ both speech and gesture to represent two and sometimes even three separate viewpoints simultaneously. This research has important implications for workplace discourse as well as ethnographic studies based upon speech (or its transcription) alone. 

One surprising finding of this analysis is that speakers can describe two distinct viewpoints simultaneously—t)ne in speech and one in gesture. (One ex-... 

Goldin-Meadow and Alibali (1995) have extended McNeill s analysis to study speech-gesture mismatch in children (where what a child says is different from what he or she gestures when explaining a problem). These studies show that speakers can represent two different semantic meanings or viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture and that these two distinct meanings may represent different or transitional approaches to a problem. 

Speakers can use mimetic and analytic viewpoints as building blocks to construct representations that integrate more than one viewpoint simultaneously and sequentially. Speakers can potentially represent eight different combinations of viewpoint in speech and gesture (Table 7.1). 

Speakers can deploy both speech and gesture to represent more than one viewpoint simultaneously and sequentially in their narratives ... 

Simultaneous Vietvpoints. Speech and gesture provide two channels of communication that enable speakers to present more than one viewpoint simultaneously. Miners can employ mimetic and analytic viewpoints concor-dantly, or they can employ different viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture. The miners we observed employ mimetic viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture, analytic viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture, or twi) different viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture. 

Miners frequently express two different viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture. When miners employ two distinct viewpoints in speech and gesture, they can frame their discourse in one viewpoint and reenact their embodied sensory experience in another. They can introduce irony or view themselves and others from a distanced analytic viewpoint. They can analyze and comment upon another s action in speech while they simultaneously reenact events and experiences as characters in their gesture. 

FIG. 7.9. In this sequence, E5 represents two viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture. In her gesture, E5 holds an imaginary object in her hands. 

Spin Right hand spins fist with index finger raised index finger makes a small vortex. Multiple viewpoints simultaneously RH imitates spin of the bolt, but not the action of a miner spinning the Kilt with a spanner. Libby watches her hand at a distance—from an analytic viewpoint of the observ er... 

When speakers assume more than one viewpoint simultaneously in speech and gesture, they can represent two different sets of events that unfold in time in different locations. 

Figure 7.9. In this sequence, E5 represents two viewpoints simultaneously in speech and gesture. In her gesture, E5 holds an imaginary object in her hands. She assumes the character of her sister, who was holding onto the plate during a roof cave-in. In her speech, she describes the event from the distanced viewpoint of an observer.

Since electrochemical promotion (NEMCA) studies involve the use of porous metal films which act simultaneously both as a normal catalyst and as a working electrode, it is important to characterize these catalyst-electrodes both from a catalytic and from an electrocatalytic viewpoint. In the former case one would like to know the gas-exposed catalyst surface area A0 (in m2 or in metal mols, for which we use the symbol NG throughout this book) and the value, r0, of the catalytic rate, r, under open-circuit conditions. 

Among the experiments that have been cited for the viewpoint that borderline behavior results from simultaneous SnI and Sn2 mechanisms is the behavior of 4-methoxybenzyl chloride in 70% aqueous acetone. In this solvent, hydrolysis (i.e., conversion to 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol) occurs by an SnI mechanism. When azide ions are added, the alcohol is still a product, but now 4-methoxybenzyl azide is another product. Addition of azide ions increases the rate of ionization (by the salt effect) but decreases the rate of hydrolysis. If more carbocations are produced but fewer go to the alcohol, then some azide must he formed by reaction with carbocations—an SnI process. However, the rate of ionization is always less than the total rate of reaction, so some azide must also form by an Sn2 mechanism. Thus, the conclusion is that SnI and Sn2 mechanisms operate simultaneously. ... 

The Group II (biliary tract) enzymes are abnormal usually when the serum bilirubin concentration is also abnormal. Most commonly used is alkaline phosphatase which is a highly sensitive indicator of biliary tract obstruction, perhaps because the enzyme is synthesized as an induced response to obstruction of even small bile ducts. Most techniques used to identify the origin of an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase are not very useful from a clinical viewpoint (23). The simultaneous measurement of GMT activity has been found to be useful in differentiating between the hepatic and bony origin of alkaline phosphatase. An increased GMT activity in a patient with an increased ALP activity is a good indication that there is biliary biliary tract disease (62,63). 

Naphthalene itself is solid at ambient temperatures (m.p. 80.5°C) but is dissolved easily in aromatic compounds such as toluene (refer Table 13.1) [10,12], so that the oily mixture can be handled as a "naphthalene oil." The naphthalene oil is catalytically hydrogenated to decalin and methylcyclohexane simultaneously. Decalin and methylcyclohexane are converted into hydrogen and naphthalene oil again by dehydrogenation catalysis. From the handling viewpoint, the naphthalene oil may be deemed as a preferential and practical material for hydrogen storage and transportation. 

From a computational viewpoint, the presence of recycle streams is one of the impediments in the sequential solution of a flowsheeting problem. Without recycle streams, the flow of information would proceed in a forward direction, and the cal-culational sequence for the modules could easily be determined from the precedence order analysis outlined earlier. With recycle streams present, large groups of modules have to be solved simultaneously, defeating the concept of a sequential solution module by module. For example, in Figure 15.8, you cannot make a material balance on the reactor without knowing the information in stream S6, but you have to carry out the computations for the cooler module first to evaluate S6, which in turn depends on the separator module, which in turn depends on the reactor module. Partitioning identifies those collections of modules that have to be solved simultaneously (termed maximal cyclical subsystems, loops, or irreducible nets). 

It is conceivable that from the molecular viewpoint there are some important differences between the occurrence of separate and simultaneous two-electron transfers. In fact, in principle, the addition of the first electron must make the second electron addition electrostatically... 

Terpolymerization, the simultaneous polymerization of three monomers, has become increasingly important from the commercial viewpoint. The improvements that are obtained by copolymerizing styrene with acrylonitrile or butadiene have been mentioned previously. The radical terpolymerization of styrene with acrylonitrile and butadiene increases even further the degree of variation in properties that can be built into the final product. Many other commercial uses of terpolymerization exist. In most of these the terpolymer has two of the monomers present in major amounts to obtain the gross properties desired, with the third monomer in a minor amount for modification of a special property. Thus the ethylene-propylene elastomers are terpolymerized with minor amounts of a diene in order to allow the product to be subsquently crosslinked. 

A method for preparing a-methylstyrene to investigate its radiation-induced polymerization yields samples which exhibit reproducible kinetics. The kinetic results are interpreted as indicating that free radicals, carbonium ions, and carbanions can all propagate simultaneously, the relative importance of each species depending upon the dryness of the monomer and all associated glassware. This viewpoint is further supported by data from a preliminary investigation of the transients formed in a-methylstyrene, as studied by the pulse radiolysis technique. 

The hexanuclear Ru6 species has four outer and two inner metal centers oxidation active. Both in acetonitrile at room temperature ( 1/2 at + 1.52 V) and in liquid S02 at low temperature ( 1/2 at + 1.46 V), an oxidation process involving the practically simultaneous one-electron oxidation of the four outer Ru(II) centers is evidenced (Fig. 5.9 and Table 5.1). This confirms that the electronic interaction between metal centers that are not directly connected via a bridging ligand is negligible from an electrochemical viewpoint in the metal-polypyridine dendrimers. At more positive potentials, only recordable in liquid S02 at low temperature (Fig. 5.9), a bielectronic process, related to the simultaneous one-electron oxidation of the two inner metal centers at + 2.11 V, is found. This result was at a first sight surprising, since the redox... 

Thus, for most of the reactions of etr in water-alkaline matrices at reasonable values of the parameters v0, ae, and a, eqn. (7) of Chap. 5 describes with good accuracy the kinetics of the process over a broad interval of observation time. At the same time, for a small number of acceptors [Os02(OH)4 and Br03 ] in water-alkaline matrices the experimentally observed kinetic curves were found to deviate markedly from eqn. (7) of Chap. 5 or values of IV, were obtained that are unreasonable from the viewpoint of the theory of an elementary act of electron tunneling. The reasons for these deviations have not yet been finally made clear. It will only be noted here that they may be connected, for example, with possible errors in measuring the concentration of et r by the optical method in the presence of reaction products that can perhaps have absorption bands in the same spectral region as etr, with the simultaneous presence of several forms of an acceptor in vitreous solutions [104], as well as with deviations of the dependence of the probability VT(R) of tunneling on the distance, R, from a simple exponent of the form of eqn. (3) of Chap. 5 for the reasons discussed in Chap. 3. 

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