Multiple perspectives

Facilitate interchange of ideas. The most effective team leaders are often facilitators, not dictators. An interdisciplinary team s greatest strength lies in its multiple perspectives and fresh ideas. Try to incorporate your own ideas into the group s discussion rather than imposing them. Keep in mind that healthy disagreement can enhance both the process and its end result. 

As the previous discussion suggests, interdisciplinary teamwork often benefits the design of PSM systems, both by spreading out the work involved and by drawing on multiple perspectives. In addition, the team approach can expedite buy-in from PSM end users, if only because it s harder to resist the findings of a team than the conclusions of a single individual, however well-respected he or she may be. If you are not in a position to mobilize a formal company team to focus on PSM system design, you should at least consider... 

Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter. Multiple perspectives the seventeenth century scientific revolution then and now. Hist Sci 15 (1977) 273-286. 

As illustrated above, there appears to be multiple perspectives on the pharmacogenomics of PD since this complex disease seems to involve several pathogenic... 

Johns, A. M. Genre in the Classroom Multiple Perspectives Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah, NJ, 2002. 

Nevertheless, conducting economic analysis from other perspectives, in addition to the societal perspective, is important. This is because the costs of medical care may not be borne solely by the same parties who stand to benefit from it. Economic analysis of medical care often raises vexing ethical problems related to equity, distribution of resources, and responsibility for the health of society s members. Economic analysis from multiple perspectives shed light on the equity issues associated with new interventions. 

The importance of multiple perspectives, which provide different descriptions of the same thing and different criteria by which it is to be judged, is one of the key conclusions of this book. There are many different conditions that must be met if human life is to be lived well. Recent times have perhaps become dominated by meeting the condition of providing material comfort and convenience. This has been at the expense of a world in which responsible human action is possible. It has also meant that we are living in a way that cannot be sustained on this earth. We now need to think about what sort of world we should be building with our technology. 

All in all, this piece presents an unsupported argument. The evidence presented isn t very compelling as support for expanding the vegetarian cookbook collection at Cook s Books. In addition, the author leaps to conclusions based on weak evidence. Finally, there is no evidence that the author has considered alternative possibilities or looked at the issue from multiple perspectives. Cook s Books is, after all, a business, so this argument should be more critically examined. 

The economic evaluation of medical care may occur from many perspectives. These perspectives, or viewpoints, will influence the costs and consequences identified, measured, and compared for a program or treatment alternative. An economic evaluation can be conducted from a single perspective or multiple perspectives. Common perspectives are those of the patient, provider, payer/insurer, and society. There are subtle differences between perspectives. A patient may be extremely concerned with his or her quality of life, level of pain, ability to see health care providers, or how much time is spent in the hospital or nursing home, in addition to the actual direct costs of health care. However, a payer may be interested only in the direct costs of health care to its organization. In fact, while a patient who is at the end of his or her life may be interested in extending life as long as possible, a payer may see this as an expensive prospect. 

An important step in moving towards a professional appraisal of tourist behaviour lies in recognising that there are multiple perspectives on behaviour. In particular one important approach arising out of research in linguistics and anthropology is the etic-emic distinction (Pike, 1966 Triandis, 1972). An emic approach is one that takes the perspective of the participant - the person engaging in the behaviour. The topic of interest... 

Tourists, it can be argued, can have multiple perspectives on other tourists. Table 5.1 presents an array of possible tourist views of other tourists. 

Table 5.1 The multiple perspectives tourists may have of other tourists...

The highly diverse class of solid-state chalcogenides marks an important area of inorganic chemistry. Its importance stems from multiple perspectives, including its role in being part of the foundation on which inorganic chemistry advances, its role as a basis for compounds with exceptional structural as well as physical properties, and finally its capacity to provide materials of technological relevance. The last two aspects were not touched upon in this article for reasons of space. Undoubtedly, a remarkable diversity in structure,... 

Zinberg, N. (ed.). Alternate States of Consciousness Multiple Perspectives on the Study of Consciousness. New York Free Press, 1977. 

One documented method uses process safety barriers identification for metrics selection. This concept uses a combination of lagging and leading indicators associated with process safety barriers and incident escalation controls to evaluate the process safety system performance. The basis for this method is documented in the U.K. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) publication HSG254 and illustrated by Figures 4.1-4.3. The strength of this technique arises from using the combination of indicators that provides multiple perspectives for judging the surety of a barrier or escalation control. For example, this basic concept was adopted and modified by BP to focus upon three information sources to assess key control barriers as summarized below ... 

These polymers are also discussed as models for prebiotic protein this relationship will be elaborated later (p. 411). In evaluating the examples of catalysis by thermal polyamino acids to be presented, one can develop a more rigorous set of criteria by using the multiple perspectives of chemistry, enzymology, and evolution. 

As that discussion continued, we kept coming back to the question of how different disciplines could use the maps, and how the maps were to be interpreted. As part of that discussion we developed a more concrete list of what multiple perspectives meant to us. Clearly, some of the suggestions are pretty specific and some are still pretty vague. An important observation here is that these lists came out of the same process as the maps. That is, we met as a whole, took public notes in the anti-power point model and dialogued until we reached consensus. If the list or rubrics that followed were produced using any other process, they would invalidate the fresh start we made and threaten the buy-in of the whole faculty. 

Fig 2. Coals for General Education Using Multiple Perspectives... 

In some DCM applications, rubrics are a dirty word. In fact, some DCM applications are driven by the desire to replace a rubric-driven assessment. It was never part of the plan to develop rubrics for our DCM maps, but both students and faculty, adjunct faculty in particular, wanted and needed something they felt was more specific and concrete to help them understand what the values and outcomes really meant. We developed the rubrics the same way we did the maps, in collaboration with the whole faculty. They reflect what the faculty identified as measurable standards for the items listed as multiple perspectives. An example is included in table below. 

Durst, Russel K. 2006. Writing at the postsecondary level. In Research on composition Multiple perspectives on two decades of change, edited by Peter Smagorinsky, 78-107. New York Teachers College Press, Columbia University. 

Absence of clearly delineated perspective(s). Outcomes can be categorized in a variety of ways, including disease, patient, provider and organizational. There will likely be multiple perspectives, but it still needs to be orderly. 

Yan XT (2003) A multiple perspective product modelling and simulation approach to enhancing engineering design decision making. Int J Concurr Eng 11 221-234... 

Ziegler, J. Modeling cooperative work processes - a multiple perspectives framework. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 15(2), 139-157 (2002)... 

Assessing costs and consequences—the value of a pharmaceutical product or service—depends heavily on the perspective of the evaluation. Common perspectives include those of the patient, provider, payer, and society. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation can assess the value of a product or service from single or multiple perspectives. However, clarification of the perspective is critical because the results of a pharmacoeconomic evaluation depend heavily on the perspective taken. For example, if comparing the value of alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator, or tPA) with that of streptokinase from a patient or societal perspective, tPA may be the best-value alternative because a 1% reduction in mortality rates is observed in this large population. Yet, from a small community hospital s perspective, streptokinase may represent a better value because it provides similar outcomes for less money. Once the perspective is clear, a full evaluation of the relevant costs and consequences can begin. Again, perspective is critical because the value placed on a treatment alternative will be dependent heavily on the point of view taken. 

The mediated schema is the set of schema terms (e.g., relations, attribute names) in which queries are posed. They do not necessarily cover all the attributes appearing in any of the sources, but rather the aspects of the domain that are important for the integration application. When domains are broad and there are multiple perspectives on them (e.g., a domain in science that is constantly evolving), there will be uncertainty about which is the correct mediated schema and about the meaning of its terms. Also, when the mediated schema is created automatically by inspecting the sources in a pay-as-you-go system, there will be uncertainty about the mediated schema. 

The composites in art discussed so far are fictional with respect to the spatial relations between the different objects represented or between the different parts of a scene. Cubist figures, such as Picasso s, that show human forms as if from multiple perspectives, are fictional in another respect. They show single objects in a way that incorporates the different outlines each object would have from a variety of different vantage points. The resulting, represented, object can be seen as an object existing in a strange, fictional, space or, alternatively, as an object seen by a fictional creature, from more than one perspective at once. 

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