What and where

What use would a practical handbook be if it did not tell you what you need and where to put it The guidelines given here are provided purely as an indicative potential of the capacity of a certain column size and the estimated footprint the column and its ancillary equipment will occupy. The capacity of the stationary phase will depend upon the mode of chromatography and the method of operation. For instance, the loading capacity of reversed phase and chiral stationary phases is generally at least half that of a normal phase media. This is not meant to imply that normal phase chromatography is more 

As a guideline for the space required for preparative HPLC equipment the estimated footprint of the column, ancillaries and pumping system for various column diameters is shown in 

Column diameter (cm) Foot print Column HPLC Location 

The system shown is capable of performing a quaternary gradient and shows all of the elements to be considered for industrial scale separations. For instance, a solvent reservoir size of 1-2 m3 would allow continuous operation for several hours. Separations carried out at this scale will be extremely well-defined with respect to fraction size and point of collection so very few fraction collection vessels would be required. 

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The evaluation phase of industrial hygiene is the process of making measurements on some set of samples which permits a conclusion about the degrees of hazard. Before conducting an evaluation, it is necessary to make a number of choices of what and where to sample, when to sample, how long to sample, how many samples to take, what sampling and analytical methods to use, what exposure criteria to use in the analysis of the data, and how to report the results. These choices as a whole constitute the evaluation plan. The object is to find if one or more workers have an unacceptable probabiUty of being exposed in excess of some estabUshed limit. 

Figure 2.19 What and where pathways of the primate brain. The what pathway starts at VI and passes through the inferior temporal cortex. The where pathway passes through the posterior parietal cortex. (Reprinted with permission from F. A. W. Wilson, S. P. O Scalaidhe, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic. Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science, Vol. 260, pp. 1955-1958, June, Copyright 1993 AAAS.)...

We are only beginning to understand the who, what, and where of regeneration—both in the water column and sediment. With respect to the who—studies are needed that determine the magnitude of release from different trophic levels. In the... 

Gupta SK, Sen Mazumdar K, Gupta S, Sen Mazumdar A, Gupta S Patient education programme in bronchial asthma in India Why. how, what and where to communicate Indian. 1 Chest Dis Allied Sci 1998 40 117-124. 

Perhaps ironically, as science grows larger in scope and broader in focus, some of the most promising tools to synthesize the hows, whats, and wheres of human biology are exceedingly tiny. Micromachines, tiny biosensors, and miniature molecular reaction vessels will undoubtedly be standard items in a chemist s toolbox in 10 or 20 years. 

Skin microbiology has been not only neglected, but the source of significant controversy much of which concerns the location of the skin bacteria and the issues of skin antisepsis and disinfection. Selwyn has listed what and where are the target organisms as the primary question. He has also shown the inaccessible location of the resident flora in the opening and depths of the hair follicle. 

Selwyn and Ellis emphasize, and I strongly concur, that pertinent questions include What and where are the target microorganisms and What are the characteristics of the available chemical agents and how do we evaluate them in vivo ... 

Organizational functional relationships Were responsibilities clearly defined Did everyone understand clearly who owned what and where everyone belonged ... 

As Evans points out, four publications in five years is not a great deal to expect, but her objection is to the same quota being in existence for everyone and the restrictions it places on what and where people write. However, whilst researchers may receive little credit, in formal terms, for more journalistic types of writing, there is little to stop them pursuing this on top of their quota. 

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