Ethnographic study

Knorr-Cetina, Karin D. "The Ethnographic Study of Scientific Work Towards a Constructivist Interpretation of Science." Science Observed. Ed. Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay. Hollywood Sage, 1983. Pp. 115140. 

An ethnographic study of 6- and 10-year-olds in a school in West Berlin, by Oswald, Krappmann, Chowduri, and von Salisch (1987), refers to fooling around or horseplay (p. 212) in the children. They commented that for 6-year-olds ... 

Neale, J. (1999) Experiences of illicit drug overdose an ethnographic study of emergency hospital attendances. Contemporary Drug Problems 26, 505-530. 

Cleckner, Patricia. 1980. "Freaks and Cognoscenti PCP Use in Miami." In Angel Dust An Ethnographic Study of PCP Users, edited by H. W. Feldman, M. H. Agar, and G. M. Beschner. Lexington, Mass Lexington Books. 

The Elements of Mazatee Witchcraft, Gothenburg Ethnographical Museum. Ethnographical Studies 9, 1939, pp. 119-149. Also Some Notes on the Mazatee. Lecture before Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologia, Mexico, Aug. 4, 1938, published by Editorial Cultura, 1939. 

Johnson, a pioneer of the ethnographic study of the Mexican magic mushrooms,... 

Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1983) The ethnographic study of scientific work. Towards a constructivist interpretation of science. In K.D. Knorr-Cetina and M. Mulkay (eds) Science Observed (pp. 115-140). London Sage. 

Sotaro Kita is a Senior Researcher at Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, in the Netherlands. His main research interests are cognitive psychological, interactional, and ethnographic studies of the relationship between speech and spontaneous gestures. His research interests also include conversational analysis, semantics and pragmatics of spatial expressions, and cross-linguistic studies of spatial conceptualization. 

Ramos, R. An Ethnographic Study of Mexican American Inhalant Abusers in San Antonio, Texas. Austin, TX Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 1998. 

Planning your ethnographic study involves making a few important decisions, such as ... 

For how long will the ethnographic study take place, and how many people will you observe Will an ethnographic blitz, a one-week period of observation and interviews, suffice Remember, you re trying to understand customer needs better, not gather statistical data, so the quality of participants, not the quantity is what matters most. 

When you begin the ethnographic study, your primary task is to observe and take notes on how people interact with your product or service and what they think about it (Exhibit 4.1). As you do this, ask yourself these basic questions ... 

Why is the person using this product/service What s the job to be done What are their expectations When Kaiser Permanente set out to design a new hospital, an ethnographic study revealed that people who go to a hospital had many needs. In addition to the... 

EXHIBIT 4.1 This plethora of notes and innages was gathered by Flow Interactive Ltd. for a client during an ethnographic study. 

Sort the data you gathered from the ethnographic study, including observations, interviews, and artifacts. Watch for patterns or trends that can be used to form one or more hypotheses. If you had a theory in mind before beginning the ethnographic study, review the data to see if it can be supported. 

Once you have a hypothesis, follow up with the participants in a focus group or by survey to validate your theory. Alternatively, you could repeat the ethnographic study with a different group of people—just be sure to keep an open mind in case the new data doesn t support your theory. 

K. Knorr-Cetina, The Ethnographic Study of Scientific Work Toward a Constructivist Interpretation of Science , in K. Knorr-Cetina and M. Mulkay (eds). Science Observed Perspectives on the Social Studies of Science (Beverly Hills, CA and London Sage Publications, 1983), pp. 115-39, pp. 134-6. 

Knorr-Cetina, The Ethnographic Study of Scientiflc Work) p. 219. See also Lynch, Livingston and Garfinkel, Temporal Order in Laboratory Work) p. 212. 

Verbal protocols Computer logging Think aloud techniques Field evaluations Ethnographic studies Facilitated free play... 

These are in-the-field studies that have been adopted from anthropology research. The researchers are embedded to some level with the users and gamer data on how they interact in real life with the products or systems under study or similar products or systems or to identify the need for such products. In an ethnographic study of independent elders, Forhzzi et al. [2004] identified two groups of elders, well and declining, using characteristics of mobihty, cognitive function, and household maintenance. 

Ethnographic study procedures are being used to evaluate the Technology In Context program. (8) Interviews with the teacher interns, their students surveys and surveys of the McDonnell Douglas personnel directly involved with the project indicate very positive responses to the experience in 1988 and 1989. 

Ethnographic studies Procedures and strategies Information requirements and flow Knowledge requirements Workload Collaboration requirements Real-world contexts Task performers Documentation instruments (e.g., video recorder) All... 

REPRODUCED FROM BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, KATJA TAXIS, NICK BARBER. ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG ERRORS". 326, NO. 7391, [684], 2003, WITH PERMISSION FROM BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP ITD.)... 

Taxis, K. and Barber, N. (2003) Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors. British Medical Journal, 326(7391), 684. 

HERMES part one Retrospective analysis 3.2.1 Ethnographic studies... 

In this paper, we introduced a technique for analyzing tasks of en route ATC using the framework of distributed cognition as an approach to study problems of human factors in an ATC system. The analysis method of team cooperative work combines the concepts of TSA and mutual behef, and an ethnographical study. Moreover, we developed a method of visualization for team cooperative work from cognitive process perspective. 

What is perhaps most noticeable about these approaches is that, within the field of PSC, the majority of studies so far adopt a functionalist, culture as causal attitude approach towards theory and measurement. Most studies involve the use of quantitative surveys very few studies in the mainstream medical literature are based on observation or the use of ethnographic studies. Theory still remains poorly defined in most studies (Halligan and Zecevic 2011), whilst other areas (e.g. contemporary work on risk - e.g. Aven et al. 2011 Ben-Ari and Or-Chen 2009) are much more developed. The field of PSC needs to move beyond an exclusive focus on the adoption of a functiorralist approach to culture and safety. Part of this will involve the involvement of other disciplines, as well as the use of other types of methods (e g. ethnography, qrralitative studies), whether in isolation or in a mixed method format. 

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