Verticillium dahliae

Akhunov et al. (2008) purified chitin-specific PO with fungicidal activity from cotton and observed the increase of its activity in plants, penetrated by Verticillium dahliae. Golubenco et al. (2007) showed the presence of the chitin-binding PO isozyme in Hibiscus trionum, which activated dramatically after inoculation by V, dahliae. The plants of Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing the anionic PO (chitin-specific according to our data) were more resistant to Helicoverpa zea and Lasioderma serricorne as compared with the wild-type (Dowd et al., 2006). 

Ben-Yephet Y, Melero-Vara JM, DeVay JE (1988) Interaction of soil solarization and metham-sodium in the destruction of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. Crop Prot 7 327-331... 

Kim KK, Fravel DR, Papavizas GC (1988) Identification of a metabolite produced by Talaromyces flavus as glucose oxidase and its role in the biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology... 

Lazarovits G, Hawke MA, Tomlin AD, Olthof THA, Squire S (1991) Soil solarization to control Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans on potatoes in central Ontario. Can J Plant Pathol 13 116-123... 

Pullman GS, DeVay JE, Garber RH, Weinhold AR (1981b) Soil solarization Effects on Verticillium wilt of cotton and soilbome populations of Verticillium dahliae, Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Thielaviopsis basicola. Phytopathology 71 954-959 Rabinowitch HD, Katan J, Ben David B, Rotem L, Zig U (1985) Soil solarization in onion effects in successive years. Hassadeh 65 1792... 

Tjamos EC (1984) Control of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici by combined soil solarization and low dose of methyl bromide in Greece. Acta Hort (ISHS) 152 253-258 Tjamos EC, Fravel DR (1995) Detrimental effects of sublethal heating and Talaromyces flavus on microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology 85 388-392 Tjamos EC, Paplomatas EJ (1987) Effect of soil solarization on the survival of fungal antagonist of V. dahliae. Bull OEPP 17 645-653... 

Most parasites have to survive prolonged periods of time apart from the host plant. Consequently, the formation of resting propagules, such as sclerotia, constitutes a critical part of the parasite s life cycle. Several observations indicate that formation of sclerotia may be stimulated by allelochemicals (, 9). Brandt and Reese (10) concluded that Verticillium dahliae produces a diffusible morphogenetic factor that stimulates production of microsclerotia. When low concentrations of the diffusible factor were added to cultures of the pathogen, the hyphae swelled and became constricted, septation was increased, and cell walls became thickened. 

Only a few efforts have been made to evaluate the effects of TA structural variations on toxicity. Methylation decreases toxicity of hemigossypol to Verticillium dahliae (25), of gossypol to rat mast cells (23), and of various TA to HelionTis sod. (22). In contrast, methylaTTon increases the toxicity of various TA"To nematodes (26) and the toxicity of heliocides to rat mast cells ( ). The order of toxicity of different TA to rat mast cells is quinones > heliocides > naphthols > binaphthols (23). Gossypol generally is somewhat more toxic to insects than heliocides, and quinones are least toxic (29,22). 

Simko, L, Costanzo, C., Haynes, K. G., Christ, B. J., Jones, R. W. (2004a). Linkage disequilibrium mapping of a Verticillium dahliae resistanee quantitative trait locus in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) through a candidate gene approach. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 108,2X1-224. 

Mol, L. Effect of plant roots on the germination of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae. II. Quantitative analysis of the luring effect of crops. Europ J Plant Pathol 1995 101 679-685. 

Messner R, Schweigkofler W, Ibl M, Berg G, Prillinger H Molecular characterization of the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae Kleb. using RAPD-PCR and sequencing of the 18S rRNA-gene. JPhytopathol 1996 144 347-354. 

Elicitors are microorganisms or chemicals that help the bacteria to produce the target product. For example, the production of the important pharmaceuticals morphine and codeine by Papaver somniferum was increased 18-fold by the addition of Verticillium dahliae. 

Recent studies have confirmed that the phytoalexin isolated from species of cotton (Go55ypmw) infected with the fungus Verticillium dahliae is hemigossypol (161) (cf. Vol. 6, p. 66) and not, as previously reported,isohemigossypol (162). A related compound, p-hemigossypolone (163) has been identified as one of the compounds which inhibits the growth of tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens)in cotton buds. ... 

Talaromyces flavus Verticillium dahliae Sclerotina scleroliorum Eggplant Sunflower... 

Verticillium dahliae soluble in water at the pH of infected xylem vessels at concentrations higher than those required to kill conidia and mycelia and present in vivo at the site of infection and in contact with the mycelia. 

Figure 6. Effects of reducing agents [reduced glutathione (1.0 mM), ascorbic acid (1.0 mM), and thiourea (1.0 mM)], HO scavenger [sodium benzoate (0.1 mM)], and enzymes [catalase (1,700 U/ml), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (900 U/ml)] on the toxicity of dHG (26 /zM) to Verticillium dahliae conidia.

The microbial cultures of isolates and their antifungal agents strongly inhibited growth of F. oxysporum and also many other plant pathogenic fungi F. solani, F. moniliforme, F. roseum, Biporaris sorokiniana, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Pyricularia oryzae, Pythium graminicolum, Verticillium dahliae, Cylindrocarpon sp., Rhizoctonia soIani(Table III, IV). 

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