Dahlia

In nature, fmctose (levulose, fmit sugar) is the main sugar in many fmits and vegetables. Honey contains ca 50 wt % fmctose on a dry basis. Sucrose is composed of one unit each of fmctose and dextrose combined to form the disaccharide. Fmctose exists in polymeric form as inulin in plants such as Jemsalem artichokes, chicory, dahlias, and dandeHons, and is Hberated by treatment with acid or enzyme. 

Akhunov et al. (2008) purified chitin-specific PO with fungicidal activity from cotton and observed the increase of its activity in plants, penetrated by Verticillium dahliae. Golubenco et al. (2007) showed the presence of the chitin-binding PO isozyme in Hibiscus trionum, which activated dramatically after inoculation by V, dahliae. The plants of Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing the anionic PO (chitin-specific according to our data) were more resistant to Helicoverpa zea and Lasioderma serricorne as compared with the wild-type (Dowd et al., 2006). 

A procedure that is described by Tollens and Eisner4 is probably suitable for materials less pure than fresh dahlia juices. The juice is expressed in the presence of calcium carbonate, fermented at 25° with baker s yeast, defecated with lead acetate and filtered. After removal of the excess lead with hydrogen sulfide, the filtrate is frozen and thawed to cause the separation of inulin. 

Ben-Yephet Y, Melero-Vara JM, DeVay JE (1988) Interaction of soil solarization and metham-sodium in the destruction of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum. Crop Prot 7 327-331... 

Kim KK, Fravel DR, Papavizas GC (1988) Identification of a metabolite produced by Talaromyces flavus as glucose oxidase and its role in the biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology... 

Lazarovits G, Hawke MA, Tomlin AD, Olthof THA, Squire S (1991) Soil solarization to control Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans on potatoes in central Ontario. Can J Plant Pathol 13 116-123... 

Pullman GS, DeVay JE, Garber RH, Weinhold AR (1981b) Soil solarization Effects on Verticillium wilt of cotton and soilbome populations of Verticillium dahliae, Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Thielaviopsis basicola. Phytopathology 71 954-959 Rabinowitch HD, Katan J, Ben David B, Rotem L, Zig U (1985) Soil solarization in onion effects in successive years. Hassadeh 65 1792... 

Tjamos EC (1984) Control of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici by combined soil solarization and low dose of methyl bromide in Greece. Acta Hort (ISHS) 152 253-258 Tjamos EC, Fravel DR (1995) Detrimental effects of sublethal heating and Talaromyces flavus on microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology 85 388-392 Tjamos EC, Paplomatas EJ (1987) Effect of soil solarization on the survival of fungal antagonist of V. dahliae. Bull OEPP 17 645-653... 

Einige Verbindimgen, die sich von dem lange bekannten Cig-Kohlen-wasserstoff XLI ableitcn, findcn sich im Tribus HeUantlieae. Aus Bidens-Artcn isoliert man das Acetat XLII (28) imd aus Dahlia-Artcn den ent-sprechcndcn Alkohol XLIII und das Diacetat XLIV (54). 

Ein analoges Paar von 1,3-disubstituierten Polyinen kommt auch in Dahlia-Artcn vor, eine Gattung, die sehr viele Acetylen-Verbindungen enthalt (54). 

Es waren bisher noch keine Verbindungen mit Cu-Kette bekannt. Inzwischen sind jedoch aus Dahlia merckii Lehm. einige derartige Verbindungen in kleiner Menge isoliert worden (2V, 54). Es handelt sich um schwer trennbare Alkohole, die z.T. erst in Form von Derivaten getrennt werden konnten. Ihre Strukturen sind im wesentlichen durch die physi-kalischen Daten sichergesteUt worden. 

Von dem oben erwahnten Centaur Xg (XCIII) kommen in Dahlia-kxXitn 54) zwei Derivate vor, das Acetat XCIV und der entsprechende Al-kohol XCV ... 

CV ist die erstc Cig-Acctylenverbindung, die keine Fettsiiure darstellt. Der aus der Gattung Dahlia isolicrte Alkohol LXXXIX konntc bio-genetisch leicht aus CV durch oxydativen Abbau gebildet werden. Ein analoger Abbau wiirdc zu LXXIII fiihren. 

Die Tetrahydropyran-Derivate CXV bis CXVIII findet man in den oberirdischen Teilen verschiedener Dahlia-Arten (54). 

Susceptible plants A wide range, including runner bean, black and red currant, apple, chrysanthemum, dahlia, fuchsia, and rose. 

Susceptible plants Cucumber, melon, zucchini, celery, beans, and peppers. Ornamentals include anemone, dahlia, aquilegia, campanula, lily, and primula. 

Susceptible plants Dahlia, clematis, chrysanthemum, delphinium, and other flowers. 

Susceptible plants Potato, strawberry, brassicas, beans, beets, carrot, lettuce, onion, and tomato also ornamentals including anemone, carnation, dahlia, gladioli, and primula... 

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR EC 1.1.1.219) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family and catalyzes the stereospecific conversion of (+)-(2R,3R)-dihydroflavonols to the corresponding (2R,3S,4S) flavan-3,4-cw-diols (leucoanthocyanidins), with NADPH as a required cofactor. The enzyme activity was first identified in cell suspension cultures of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and was shown to be related to the accumulation of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins [96]. Leucoanthocyanidins and DFR were later shown to be required for anthocyanidin formation by complementation of Matthiola incana mutants blocked between dihydroflavonol and anthocyanidin biosynthesis [97, 98], DFR has been purified to apparent homogeneity and biochemically analyzed from flower buds of Dahlia variabilis [99]. DFR was shown to accept different substrates depending on the plant species from which it was isolated (reviewed in 100). 

Fischer D, Stich K, Britsch L, Grisebach H (1988) Purification and characterization of (-l-)dihydroflavonol (3-hydroxyflavanone) 4-reductase from flowers of Dahlia variabilis. Arch Biochem Biophys 264(l) 40-47... 

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