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Venus

MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space, ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ran-gin) is a very ambitious mission to Mercury. The spacecraft was launched on August 4, 2004 and performed two Venus flybys in 2006 and 2007 and made its first Mercury flyby on Jan 14, 2008. Mercury orbit insertion is planned in 2011. Head et al., 2009 [160] reported on widespread nature of volcanism, the presence of pyroclastic deposits, and the volcanic filling of impact craters and basins on Mercury. [Pg.41]

Venus is sometimes referred to as sister Earth because it is similar in size. Its surface is hidden by dense clouds (Fig. 3.3). Observations made from ground by radar and from satellite missions and even successful landings revealed an extremely dry surface resembling the surface of Mercury or the Moon, so the conditions for life are not very promising. The surface pressure of the atmosphere is 90 times that of Earth s, and, because of the dense atmosphere that consists mainly of the greenhouse gas CO2, the surface temperature is about 460°C. It is interesting to note, that this high surface temperature can be found on any place on the surface of Venus, there are no big differences between e.g. the equator and the poles. Therefore, contrary to Mercury, it is unlikely to find ice or water near the poles of Venus. Venus rotates in 243 Earth days in the direction opposite to its orbital motion and one revolution about the Sun lasts 224.7 days. The surface of Venus shows craters and ancient volcanoes (Fig. 3.4). [Pg.41]

In the atmosphere of Venus there occur thick H2SO4 clouds extending from 40 to 60 km altitudes. The region from 60 to 100 km is called mesosphere. At the top of the thick clouds there is a four day superrotation, above 100 km there is a solar-antisolar circulation. In the mesosphere the most important trace gases are CO, SO2, HCl, HF, H2O and HDO. [Pg.42]

Water vapor is an important trace gas in the lower Venus atmosphere and it contributes to the global greenhouse effect that maintains the high surface temperature. Most of the H2O is found below the cloud base at about 47 km. Its signature can be observed in a spectral window between 0.9 and 2.5 pm where the atmospheric absorption is weak, therefore H2O absorption features can be seen. For H2O abundance determinations the following windows are most often used 1.18, 1.74 and 2.3 pm. [Pg.43]

Let us compare the water content in the atmosphere of Venus with that in the terrestrial atmosphere  [Pg.43]

Until now, Mercury has only been studied more closely by one spacecraft (Mariner 10, 1974), since its nearness to the sun means that spacecraft approaching it are subject to particularly extreme conditions. NASA s MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space, Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) was launched in 2004 and is planned to reach Mercury in March 2011, and then to orbit the planet. The main tasks of the MESSENGER mission are to map the planet, to make measurements of its magnetic field and to collect data relevant to its geological and tectonic history (Solomon, 2007). [Pg.44]

The surface of Venus is hidden under an unbroken layer of clouds 45-60 km above it. Recently, the planet has been subjected to a complete cartography by radar satellites. Its atmosphere contains 96% CO2 by volume, the remainder consisting of N2, SO2, sulphur particles, H2SO4 droplets, various reaction products and a trace of water vapour. The water is probably subject to photolytic decomposition. Noble gases are more abundant than on Earth 36Ar by a factor of 500, neon by a factor of 2,700, and D (deuterium) by a factor of 400. [Pg.44]

There are now doubts as to whether Venus is in fact extremely hostile to life. An audacious theory suggests that the cloud cover in the Venusian atmosphere could have provided a refuge for microbial life forms. As the hot planet lost its oceans, these primitive life forms could have adapted to the dry, acid atmosphere. However, the intensity of the UV radiation is very puzzling. The authors suggest that sulphur allotropes such as Sg act on the one hand as a UV umbrella and on the other as an energy-converting pigment (Schulze-Makuch et al 2004). [Pg.45]

The Venus Express spacecraft launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in November 2005 reached its goal in April 2006. Its main purpose was to find out more about the (still not understood) super-rotation of the Venusian atmosphere, which causes clouds to circulate the planet in about four earth days. Venus takes 243 earth days to rotate about its own axis. [Pg.45]

The VIRTIS apparatus (Visible Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) on board can observe the atmosphere and the cloud layers at various depths (on both the day and the night side of the planet). VIRTIS has also provided data for the first temperature map of the hot Venusian surface. These data have led to the identification of hot spots and thus provided evidence for possible volcanic activity (www.esa.int/specials/venusexpress). [Pg.45]

Global warming, mainly determined by the CO2 greenhouse effect Cooling, caused by reflection of solar irradiation due to the presence of thick clouds of sulphuric acid [Pg.45]


Gr. phosphoros, light bearing ancient name for the planet Venus when appearing before sunrise) Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669 by preparing it from urine. [Pg.36]

Venus probe. References should be consulted for the details of the optical transparency of the different type diamonds (9,14,16—19). The direct band gap for diamond is 5.47 eV. Natural diamond exhibits many colors, and color modification by irradiation and annealing is common (36). Though cubic, most natural diamonds show strain birefringence under crossed polaroids. [Pg.559]

Sulfur and H2SO4 detected in the atmosphere of the planet Venus by USSR Venera 8 (subsequently confirmed... [Pg.646]

Frauenhaar, n, (Bot.) maidenhair, frauenhaft, a. woman-like, womanly. Frauen-heilkunde, /. gynecology, -milch, /. human milk, -spat, m. (Min.) selenite. -Spiegel, m. Venus s looking glass. [Pg.163]

Our solar system consists of the Sun, the planets and their moon satellites, asteroids (small planets), comets, and meteorites. The planets are generally divided into two categories Earth-like (terrestrial) planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and Giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Little is known about Pluto, the most remote planet from Earth. [Pg.444]

The atmosphere of Venus is chiefly carbon dioxide in a concentration much higher than that found on Earth. Surprisingly, no evidence has been found for carbon monoxide, though ultraviolet light decomposes CO2 to form CO. The atmosphere of Mars is thought to be largely nitrogen (around °8%) and some carbon dioxide. [Pg.445]

Recent space-probe and earth-based spectroscopic studies of the planet Venus suggest how much remains to be learned about the other planets. Earlier estimates of the surface temperature of Venus placed it near 60°C. The more detailed studies show, however, that two characteristic temperatures can be identified, —40°C and 430°C. The lower temperature is attributed to light emitted front high altitude cloud tops. The higher temperature is likely to be the average surface temperature. [Pg.445]

Velocity of atoms and molecules distribution, 130 measuring, 131 Venus, data on, 444 Vibrational motion, 118 and infrared, 250 Voltage, 207 Volume, 50... [Pg.466]

Venus Flytrap Module Very Long-chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase Very Low-density Lipoprotein Vesicle... [Pg.1505]

FIGURE 9.15 A radar imago of the surface of Venus. Although the rocks are very hot, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is so great that carbonates may be abundant. [Pg.503]

The negative effects of TBT have been observed in the bivalve larval development of Crassostrea gigas, Mylilus edulisf Venus gallina, Spams aurata, in Nassarius reticulate and in the hermaphroditic snails Phisa fontinalis and Adelomelon brasiliana Since TBT exerts a variety of toxic actions on some mollusks and fishes , an adverse effect of TBT on human health is a real threat. ... [Pg.418]

S2O and the polysulfuroxide formed from it are also suspected to be components of the surface and the atmosphere of Jupiter s moon lo [22], and S2O has been detected in the atmosphere of the planet Venus [23]. [Pg.207]

Speculation about life on other planets probably began when humans discovered that the Earth Is not unique. We know that several other planets of the solar system bear at least some resemblance to our own. Why, then, should there not be life on Mars, or Venus, or perhaps on undiscovered Earthlike planets orbiting some other star ... [Pg.9]


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Aquarius Venus

Aries Venus

Aspects to Venus

Atmosphere of Venus

Carbon dioxide Venus atmosphere

Cerulean-Venus mixture

Chemical composition Venus atmosphere

Crystals of venus

Dates for Venus

Dry Venus-Humid Earth-Climate Changes on Mars

Earth, Venus and Mars

For Venus

Galileo Venus flybys

Libra Venus

Mercury/Venus

Moon/Venus

Noble gases on Venus

Out for Retrograde Venus

Photochemistry of the Venus Atmosphere

Pioneer Venus

Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Pioneer Venus Probe

Pioneer Venus mission

Planetary atmospheres Venus

Planets Venus

Sulfur dioxide, Venus’ atmosphere

Sun/Venus

Taurus Venus

Venus Express

Venus Flytrap Module

Venus aspects

Venus atmospheric composition

Venus chemical composition

Venus composition

Venus densities

Venus evolution

Venus exploration

Venus fly trap

Venus flytrap

Venus flytrap, Dionaeae

Venus hydrogen escape

Venus hydrogen loss

Venus looking glass

Venus mercenaria

Venus planetary tables

Venus plate tectonics

Venus program

Venus qualities

Venus retrograde

Venus sulfur dioxide

Venus surface

Venus surface features

Venus water

Venus water content

Venus — The Role of Copper in Iron Metabolism

Venus, atmosphere

Venus, greenhouse effect

Venus, orbital data and dimensions

Venus-Danilova

Venus/Jupiter

Venus/Mars

Venus/Neptune

Venus/Pluto

Venus/Saturn

Venus/Uranus

Venus’ flower basket

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