Venus Express

European Space Agency. Venus express. Available online. URL http //www.esa.int/esaMI/Venus Express/SEMLPY808BE 0. html. Accessed on March 10, 2008. 

The Venus Express spacecraft launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in November 2005 reached its goal in April 2006. Its main purpose was to find out more about the (still not understood) super-rotation of the Venusian atmosphere, which causes clouds to circulate the planet in about four earth days. Venus takes 243 earth days to rotate about its own axis. 

The most recent mission to Venus is the European Space Agency s Venus Express spacecraft, launched on November 5, 2005. The spacecraft reached the planet in April 2006 and settled into orbit on May 6. It has now transmitted some of the best images of and data about the planet s atmosphere ever obtained, including the first images ever of its south pole. Among the new data transmitted by Venus Express are the chemical composition of the lower atmosphere, temperature variations at different levels of the atmosphere, temperature measurements of the planet s surface, and reactions between oxygen and nitrogen oxides in the middle and upper atmosphere. 

Shulze-Makuch and Irwin also suggest that the presence of microbes may explain the unexpectedly low concentration of carbon monoxide in the Venusian atmosphere. One would normally expect a greater abundance of this gas, they say, because lightning and solar radiation tend to break down carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and other products perhaps microbes have evolved a mechanism for using carbon monoxide as a raw material in their metabolism. Shulze-Makuch and Irwin are hoping that ESA s Venus Express mission will provide additional data that will help resolve the question of whether even the simplest form of life can exist on Venus. 

At this point, it is impossible to assess the likelihood of this, or almost any other hypothesized reaction. The problem is that scientists still lack sufficient data to build models about the structure and composition of Venus s atmosphere and surface and of possible chemical interactions among the components of both. It is for this reason that Venus scholars look forward so eagerly to the results of the Venus Express mission currently under way. The results of that mission should provide much of the data needed about Venus s atmosphere... 

Often this consists of a dual architecture around the bus and the computers. However, some variations can meet the needs and specific constraints of such missions such as the complexity of navigation and the criticality of certain phases. For example, the European probes Mars Express, Venus Express and Rosetta have two computers in each channel. In principle one is dedicated to data management and the other to the navigation and attitude and oibit control system, but the architecture enables the use of aity subset of all four computers, even the four in hot redundancy, for critical phases depending on the phases of the mission. In addition, there are four reconfiguration modnles, which can be used in different secondary schemes, up to four hot redundant (in vote two out of four in the sense that a reconfiguration is done when it is decided by at least two modules). 

Vertical distributions of the molecular density and mixing ratios of H2O and HDO in the Venus mesosphere were measured by Fedorova et al., 2008 [129]. The experiment was carried out on board of Venus express mission (SOIR instrument, 2.32-4.35 pm). The atmosphere was sounded during solar occultation in the range of altitudes from 65 to 130 km. An enrichment of D to hydrogen indicates the escape of water from Venus. Bertaux et al., 2007 [25] report on the detection of a warm layer at 90-120 km. ... 

The Venus Express mission was launched in November 2005 and is on a quasi polar orbit around Venus. The mission operations will be extended up to 2012. One of the main tasks of Venus Express is to answer the question where the water on Venus has gone. For the first time it was possible to measure directly the water loss of Venus which is about 10 " molecules per second (Delva et al., 2009 [105]). Using... 

B6zard, B., Tsang, C.C.C., Carlson, R.W., Piccioni, G., Marcq, E., Drossart, R Water vapor abundance near the surface of Venus from Venus Express/VIRTIS observations. J. Geophys. Res. (Planets) 114, E00B39 (2009)... 

Fedorova, A., Korablev, O., Vandaele, A.-C., Bertaux, J.-L., Belyaev, D., Mahieux, A., Neefs, E., WUquet, W.V., Drummond, R., Montmessin, F., Villard, E. HDO and H2O vertical distributions and isotopic ratio in the Venus mesosphere by Solar occultation at infrared spectrometer on board Venus express. J. Geophys. Res. (Rlanets) 113, EOOB22 (2008)... 

Use of early YFP variants, for example EYFP, suffered from several disadvantages, since they did not express well at 37 °C, were sensitive to photobleaching and to environmental factors, for example pH and Cl- concentration [65-69]. The recently developed optimized YFP variants Venus and SYFP2 have overcome most of... 

FRET efficiencies and acceptor to donor ratios of FRET standards. The FRET efficiencies of six genetic constructs expressed in cell culture were evaluated by three different methods sRET, FLIM-FRET, and E-FRET. The acceptor to donor ratio (V/C) was also measured for each construct by the sRET method. Key C5Y, Cerulean-5 amino acid linker-Venus C17Y, Cerulean-17 amino acid linker-Venus C32V, Cerulean-32 amino acid linker-Venus CYC, Venus flanked on each side by a Cerulean VCV, Cerulean... 

Each planetary sphere has a unique energetic expression and signature qualities associated with it, such as color, musical tones, parts of the body, diseases, medical effects, herbs, stones and metals. For example, the planet Venus is said to be the "ruler" of Copper metal and the herb Yarrow, as well as affecting the kidneys in man. 

The planetary CO2 inventory has been estimated from C/N ratios of possible accreted volatile sources (chondrites or comets). Carbon dioxide estimates, expressed as equivalent global thicknesses of carbonate, vary from 3 m to 20 m (Bogard et al., 2001). Carbonates have not been detected spectroscopically on Mars as of early 2000s, although they are present in small quantities as martian weathering products in SNC meteorites. Carbon in soils at the Mars Pathfinder site is below detection limit, and the visible inventory of carbon on Mars is only 10 that of Earth or Venus (Bogard et al., 2001). 

The expressed sap of Dionaea muscipula, a fly-catching plant (Venus flytrap), was once available in Germany as an herbal oncolytic in the form of ampoules and oral drops (1). However, when it became apparent that intramuscular administration could produce shivers, fever, and anaphylactic shock, the health authorities banned the ampoules. They also ruled that the product information on the oral drops should warn against use in pregnancy and should list reddening of the face, headache, dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting as adverse effects. 

TABLE 5.4 The compositions of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets Venus, Earth, and Mars. Compositions expressed in parts per million by volume or volume percent. Data from compilation of Hunten (1993) and Lecuyer et al. (2000). ... 

The sign that the Sun occupied at the moment of your birth is the most basic astrological fact about you. It defines your ego, motivations, needs, and approach to life. But the Sun isn t the only planet that affects you. (For astrological purposes, both luminaries — the Sun and the Moon — are called planets. Do yourself a favor and don t use this terminology when talking to astronomers.) Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Chiron, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, not to mention the Moon, represent distinct types of energy that express themselves in the style of the sign they re in. 

Astrologers associate Venus with love, flirtation, seduction, beauty, art, luxury, harmony, and pleasure. Venus rules the force of attraction, sexual and otherwise. It describes the quality of your interactions with others, the way you express your affections, your artistic impulses, and, strangely enough, the way you deal with money. 

Venus represents your romantic tendencies, values, and response to beauty, art, money, and possessions. To discover the way you express that side of your personality, look up the location of Venus in the Appendix, and then read the appropriate paragraph from the following list ... 

Venus in Leo Warm, outgoing, loyal, and luxury-loving, you re creative, self-dramatizing, and in love with love. You feel passionately and express yourself flamboyantly. Love is an essential part of your nature, and you tend to define yourself through it. You also love the arts. That doesn t mean you re about to run away with an unpublished poet — not unless said artiste has a trust fund. You re happiest when the cash flows freely. 

Lovely Venus, the muse of the zodiac, bestows grace of expression on Mercury s mental gymnastics. 

If you have retrograde Venus in your birth chart, you may be shy, uncertain, and hesitant to express affection, especially around potential... 

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