Water Venus

Liquid water is difficult to find in the universe. Scientists have found frozen ice in places such as Mars and gaseous water vapor in atmospheres such as that on Venus. However, no one has been able to find liquid water anywhere other than on Earth. Water is the only natural substance that is found in all three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) at the temperatures normally found on Earth. By exploring a few of the properties of water, you will discover what makes water unique. 

The oxygen that reacts with the sulfur dioxide comes from water (H20) that is also present in Venus atmosphere. When the sun s high-energy ultraviolet (UV) rays hit a water molecule, it dissociates (breaks down) into hydrogen and oxygen—the elements that make up water. 

When water comes into contact with a sulfur oxide, such as sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid is formed just like it is in Venus ... 

Other lore attributed to elder are that it is a feminine tree, linked with Venus and The Great Goddess, dedicated to Thor and associated with the element of water. 

Portal page to a series of pages Air, Moon, Jupiter, Fire, Mercury, Saturn, Water, Venus, Sun, Earth, Mars. Also an interesting page "A Christian Mandala - explanation of this mandala and its sources by Robert Ellaby"... 

Lee, Tanith. Faces under water. The secret books of Venus, no. 1. Woodstock (NY) Overlook P, 1998. 

The special position of the Earth among the terrestrial planets is also shown by the availability of free water. On Venus and Mars, it has not until now been possible to detect any free water there is, however, geological and atmospheric evidence that both planets were either partially or completely covered with water during their formation phase. This can be deduced from certain characteristics of their surfaces and from the composition of their atmospheres. The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) is particularly important here both Mars and Venus have a higher D/H ratio than that of the Earth. For Mars, the enrichment factor is around 5, and in the case of Venus, 100 (deBergh, 1993). 

Water can be found, in all three aggregate states, almost everywhere in the universe as ice in the liquid phase on the satellites of the outer solar system, including Saturn s rings and in the gaseous state in the atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Jupiter and in comets (as can be shown, for example, from the IR spectra of Halley s comet). The OH radical has been known for many years as the photodissociation product of water. 

The surface of Venus is hidden under an unbroken layer of clouds 45-60 km above it. Recently, the planet has been subjected to a complete cartography by radar satellites. Its atmosphere contains 96% CO2 by volume, the remainder consisting of N2, SO2, sulphur particles, H2SO4 droplets, various reaction products and a trace of water vapour. The water is probably subject to photolytic decomposition. Noble gases are more abundant than on Earth 36Ar by a factor of 500, neon by a factor of 2,700, and D (deuterium) by a factor of 400. 

AU from the Sun, just outside the orbit of Mars, whereas the inner boundary is determined by the runaway-greenhouse effect as observed on Venus. If the surface temperature were too hot, above 373 K, this would vaporise all water on the surface of the planet. The inner boundary is around 0.85 AU so the habitable zone spans 0.85-1.7 AU for our Sun (Figure 7.7) but the current habitable zone spans 0.85 - 1.3 AU (t — 0) in Figure 7.7. The habitable zone was much larger when the Sun s luminosity was greater, and narrower when the luminosity was smaller. 

Water vapour makes a sizeable contribution, and probably the largest, to radiation trapping and as the temperature increases the water vapour concentration increases. Temperature rises as a result of increased water vapour concentration and hence a mechanism for a positive feedback in the greenhouse effect that might lead to a runaway greenhouse effect. When the vapour pressure for water reaches saturation, condensation occurs and water rains out of the atmosphere this is what happens on Earth and Mars. On Venus, however, the water vapour pressure never saturates and no precipitation occurs and the global warming continues to increase. Thus Venus suffers from extreme temperatures produced by both its proximity to the Sun and the presence of water vapour and carbon dioxide in its atmosphere. 

As they say, the whole of the Great Work and its Matter is contained within these very words. Nevertheless, because this term, Vitriol, is equivocal—because it could be taken to mean all the vitriols, whether natural or man-made, including extracts from pyrites or minerals or from vitriolic waters or metals, the Alchemists have taken pains particularly to apply the term to either Roman Vitriol or to the Hungarian kind, and the former belongs to Mars and the latter to Venus. Admittedly, Rupe Scissa writes that one must use the Roman Vitriol, but if he actually had needed to make use of it, and as if it were the same matter as that belonging to the Philosopher s Stone, would he have then called it by its correct name Once, however, one realizes that the Alchemists alu/ays hide the real names of their materials, and with almost as much care as they conceal the rest [of their alchemical operations], one then necessarily becomes wary in the face of the apparent ingenuity of these Hermetic Authors. 

The Earth s oceans reveal an abundance of water that corresponds to —1/1000 of the planet s mass. Mars, too, once had liquid water that sculpted its surface, and water ice still resides at its poles and in its subsurface at high latitudes. The high D/H ratio in the atmosphere of Venus suggests that it once may have contained water in similar abundance to the Earth. Even Mercury, baking in the Sun s glare, appears to have water ice at its poles. The amounts of water in the terrestrial planets are modest, relative to the amounts of water in gas- and ice-rich planets in the outer solar system, but the importance of water for planetary habitability demands that we discuss how the inner planets got their water. 

The sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) also undergoes a remarkable change in leaf shape triggered by mechanical touch (Fig. 2). A light touch or vibration produces a sudden drooping of the leaves, the result of a dramatic reduction in turgor pressure in cells at the base of each leaflet and leaf. As in the Venus flytrap, the drop in turgor pressure results from K+ release followed by the efflux of water. 

The recent advances in modem technology continue to open new opportunities for the observation of chemical reactions on shorter and shorter time scales, at higher and higher quantum numbers, in larger and larger molecules, as well as in complex media, in particular, of biological relevance. As an example of open questions, the most rapid reactions of atmospheric molecules like carbon dioxide, ozone, and water, which occur on a time scale of just a few femtoseconds, still remain to be explored. Another example is the photochemistry of the atmospheres of nearby planets like Mars and Venus or of the giant planets and their satellites, which can help us to understand better the climatic evolution of our own planet. 

Hydroxyl radicals are produced by the photolysis of HzO, which is present to an extent of 0.2% in the Mars and Venus atmosphere. Besides water, HC1, a minor constituent (6 x 10-7 mixing ratio) in the Venus atmosphere, may provide additional H atoms [McElroy et al. (678)]. 

The photochemical processes of triatomic molecules have been extensively studied in recent years, particularly those of water, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, as they are important minor constituents of the earth s atmosphere. (Probably more than 200 papers on ozone photolysis alone have been published in the last decade.) Carbon dioxide is the major component of the Mars and Venus atmospheres. The primary photofragments produced and their subsequent reactions are well understood for the above-mentioned six triatomic molecules as the photodissociation involves only two bonds to be ruptured and two fragments formed in various electronic states. The photochemical processes of these six molecules are discussed in detail in the following sections. They illustrate how the knowledge of primary products and their subsequent reactions have aided in interpreting the results obtained by the traditional end product analysis and quantum yield measurements. 

Trix broke through the surface of the lake and breathed in the warm Paraiso air. She swam for the shore then stood to wade the rest of the way, enjoying the sun on her skin and thinking she d make a pretty cool Venus herself, rising out of the water. She half expected the lake to clothe her, but maybe the knack to that was the province of the lady of the lake herself. Oh well, she tossed back her wet hair and smoothed it into place, thinking it was also pretty cool to be standing naked with what felt like a whole world to herself. 

Jupiter and Uranus are outer planets composed mainly of gases. Jupiter s atmosphere contains reddish-brown clouds of ammonia. Uranus has an atmosphere made up mainly of hydrogen and helium with clouds of water vapor. This combination looks greenish to an outside observer. In addition, Mars has an atmosphere that is 95% carbon dioxide, and Venus has a permanent cloud cover of sulfur dioxide that appears pale yellow to an observer. Mercury has no permanent atmosphere. Saturn has 1 km thick dust and ice rings that orbit the planet. The eight planets in our solar system are diverse, each having different chemical compositions within and surrounding the planets. Out Earth is by far the friendliest planet for human existence. 

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