Venus/Mars

Water can be found, in all three aggregate states, almost everywhere in the universe as ice in the liquid phase on the satellites of the outer solar system, including Saturn s rings and in the gaseous state in the atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Jupiter and in comets (as can be shown, for example, from the IR spectra of Halley s comet). The OH radical has been known for many years as the photodissociation product of water. 

In one sense, the creation of alchemy represented a step backward. The Egyptians had known seven metallic elements gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, lead, and mercury, which they associated with the seven planets (Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, respectively). The Greeks, however, failed to recognize them as distinct elements. According to the Aristotelian theory, the metals were mixtures of the traditional four elements. This idea seemed to... 

Plate tectonic activity, which is responsible on Earth for subduction zones, spreading centres and obducted ophiolites, as well as associated ore deposits of Cu, Cr and Ni described in 8.6, appears to have been less significant on other terrestrial planets. As a result, local enrichments of these and other transition elements (apart from Fe and Ti) are probably absent on the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars and the asteroids. Since Fe and Ti minerals are predominant on terrestrial planets, electronic spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in silicates and oxides influenced by Ti4+ and Ti3+ are expected to dominate remote-sensed spectra of their surfaces. 

Contribute basic research to understand interactions of organic and inorganic species in exotic solvents, including water under extreme conditions (as found on Venus, Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and elsewhere), water-ammonia eutectics at low temperatures (as might be possible on Titan), and liquid cryosolvents (as found on Triton and elsewhere). 

These space-based observatories and a number of terrestrial observatories have produced a growing body of data about five of the planets in the solar system—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—as well as numerous other bodies, including comets, asteroids, and many planetary satellites, including our own Moon. 

The chapters in this part help fill in those blanks. Chapter 8 illuminates the Moon and the Nodes of the Moon in all 12 signs. Chapters 9 and 10 discuss Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto — plus the asteroid Chiron, which was discovered in 1977 and is now routinely included in horoscopes by many astrologers. Chapter 11 talks about the Ascendant, and Chapter 12 describes the influence of the planets in each of the houses. Finally, Chapter 13 looks at the way the planets interact by analyzing the aspects, or geometrical relationships, that link them together. 

The sign that the Sun occupied at the moment of your birth is the most basic astrological fact about you. It defines your ego, motivations, needs, and approach to life. But the Sun isn t the only planet that affects you. (For astrological purposes, both luminaries — the Sun and the Moon — are called planets. Do yourself a favor and don t use this terminology when talking to astronomers.) Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Chiron, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, not to mention the Moon, represent distinct types of energy that express themselves in the style of the sign they re in. 

Contemplating the personal planets in astronomy, mythology, and astrology Understanding the planets in the signs Interpreting Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn in your chart... 

To ancient astrologers, that meant noting the positions of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn —the only planets visible from Earth. For thousands of years, stargazers assumed that there were no other planets. Then, in 1781, an amateur astronomer in England discovered another planet, and the race was on. Today, astronomers argue over how many planets there are in the solar system. Some claim there are only eight. Others insist there are 23 — and counting. The answer depends entirely on whom you ask. 

Astrologers regard those five planets, the ones you can see for yourself in the night sky (and sometimes during the day), as the ones with the most immediate impact on the individual. That s why Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are known as the personal planets. The outer planets, which aren t visible without a telescope, are less personality-driven and more generational in their effects (with exceptions that 1 note in Chapter 10). 

I consider the planets in this order first the Sun and Moon, then the planets in order of their distance from the Sun Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. When looking up an aspect, be sure to look for it under the planet that comes first in the list. An aspect between Mercury and Uranus, for example, appears under Mercury an opposition between Venus and Pluto is discussed under Venus, and so on. 

VENUS MARS URANUS Ijl DRAGON S HEAD TAURUS LEO... 

Abstract. We present a historical review of polarimetric observations of planetary atmospheres, comets, atmosphereless solar system bodies, and terrestrial materials. We highlight the study of physical and optical parameters of planetary atmospheres. Polarimetric observations of the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn have made it possible to determine the real part of the refractive index and the cumulative size distribution function for the constituent cloud layers. We describe a simple and reliable method of quantifying absorptive cloud layers of the giant planets and predict the vertical stracture of aerosol layers of planetaiy atmospheres based on the analysis of observational spectropolarimetric data of contours of molecular absorption bands at the center of the planetaiy disk. The method is effective only when experimental data exist in a broad interval of phase angles. Using this method we can determine aerosol sizes in the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune. 

Planetary Sciences. Until the 1960 s, astronomers were limited to making observations of planets from Earth. However, the advent of interplanetary robotic spacecraft allowed scientists to study other planets in much the same way that they study Earth. Robotic spacecraft employ a battery of instruments, including cameras, spectrometers, neutron sensors, and magnetometers, to study planets from orbit. Spacecraft have landed on the Moon, Venus, Mars, and Saturn s moon Titan to study their surfaces. 

Like on Venus, Mars s water was boiled to steam and split by sunlight. The leftover oxygen reacted with iron in the Mars rocks, giving them their iron-red patina, like the copper-green patina on the Statue of Liberty. 

Venus, Mars, and Titan show what can go wrong. Earth s success was also due to what went right. On Earth, the three phases of matter were preserved by five shields two... 

FAR INFRARED SPECTRAL OBSERVATIONS OF VENUS, MARS AND JUPITER... 

Suppose the fairy-tale character Goldilocks were to visit Venus, Mars, and Earth. In the fairy tale, she said that Papa Bear s soup was too hot. Mama Bear s soup was too cold, but Baby Bear s soup was just right (and she ate aU of it, much to the dismay of Baby Bear). Goldilocks would draw the same conclusions about these three planets—Venus is too hot. Mars is too cold, but Earth is just right. The whole idea behind the efforts to reverse any accelerated global warming trends is to keep Earth the way it is— just right for the life that currently inhabits it. 

The first successful measurements of thermal emission from the planets were made in 1956 at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D. C. C. H. Mayer, T. R McCullough, and R. M. Sloanaker scanned Venus, Mars, and Jupiter with a 15-m parabolic antenna equipped with a new 3-cm-wavelength radio receiver. They detected weak thermal emission from these three planets when each was observed at its closest distance to the Earth. 

Planets the eight great planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Five of them can be seen with the naked eye and were known by the ancients (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn). 

---