Energy converter

It is useful to specify at the start the principal quality criteria for each type of product (motor fuels, heating fuels), imposed by the requirements for the different kinds of energy converters motors, turbines, burners. 

Porphyrins and chlorophylls are the most widespread natural pigments. They are associated with the energy-converting processes of respiration and photosynthesis in living organisms, and the synthesis of specific porphyrin derivatives is often motivated by the desire to perform similar processes in the test tube. The structurally and biosynthetically related corrins (e.g. vitamin B,j) catalyze alkylations and rearrangements of carbon skeletons via organocobalt intermediates. The biosyntheses of these chromophores are also of topical interest. 

Efficiency is a practical measure of the performance of a converter efficiency is equal to the desired form of energy divided by the total energy converted. If the light converted 100 joules of energy into 10... 

Big or small, simple or complex, energy converters must all subscribe to the principle of conservation of energy. Each one converts energy into some form regarded as useful, and each one diverts energy that is not immediately useful and may never be useful. Because energy is diverted, the efficiency defined as... 

Curran R. Stewart, T. P. and Whittaker T. J. T. (1997). Design Synthesis of Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters Performance Matching. Journal of Power and Energy 211 4S j-505. 

Possible approaches to the development of photo-catalytic solar energy converters. K. I. Zamaraev and V. N. Parmon, Russ. Chem. Rev. (Engt. Transl.), 1980, 49, 695-717 (408). 

SF is then a measure of the degree of irreversibility of the process. It represents the amount of mechanical energy converted into heat or the conversion of heat energy at one temperature to heat energy at another temperature. For a finite process ... 

The lead compounds PbS, PbSe, PbTe are narrow-gap semiconductors that have been widely investigated for infrared detectors, diode lasers, and thermo-photovoltaic energy converters. Their photoconductive effect has been utilized in photoelectric cells, e.g., PbS in photographic exposure meters. Integrated photonic devices have been fabricated by their heteroepitaxial growth on Si or III-V semiconductors. 

There are now doubts as to whether Venus is in fact extremely hostile to life. An audacious theory suggests that the cloud cover in the Venusian atmosphere could have provided a refuge for microbial life forms. As the hot planet lost its oceans, these primitive life forms could have adapted to the dry, acid atmosphere. However, the intensity of the UV radiation is very puzzling. The authors suggest that sulphur allotropes such as Sg act on the one hand as a UV umbrella and on the other as an energy-converting pigment (Schulze-Makuch et al 2004). 

Artifical Solar Energy Converters Designed to Mimic Photosynthesis... 

Much has been written about artifical solar-energy converters - the reader is referred to references 10, 12, 14-17 for detailed treatments. Here I shall deal exclusively with those artificial systems designed to mimic various aspects of the photosynthesis reaction. 

Cyanobacteria are ideal solar energy converters because they require only the sun, mineral nutrients, and water for Ho production. Their waste bodies can feed fishes [4]. 

When the sunlight strikes the semiconductor material, an electrical potential is created by dislodging electrons due to the impact of the photons. Sunlight is made of photons that contain different amounts of photon-energy at different frequencies. The semiconductor material cannot readily be matched to convert all types efficiently. This means that some photons will not be converted at all because they have too little photon energy and some photons will only have a part of their energy converted to electricity because they have too much photon energy. 

Converts chemical energy to electrical energy Converts electrical energy to chemical energy... 

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