Vapor-penetrability

The more highly complexed hydrates of calcium chloride (CaCl2 nH2 O where n > 2) may also exhibit the characteristics of a Class 2 dryiag agent, because the hydrated species can physically absorb additional water to form a saturated solution. The term absorption is used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when a gas or vapor penetrates the soHd stmcture to produce a saturated solution ... 

Moisture and vapor penetration Condensation Electrical insulation Dielectric properties... 

Sublimation (diffusion) printing is a textile process in which color patterns in dry die crystals are transferred from a release film to the fabric under high heat and pressure. The process has been adapted to plastics. The equipment used is very similar to that used for hot stamping. Under heat and pressure, the dye crystals sublime (go directly to the vapor phase from the solid phase without melting) and the vapor penetrates the plastic product. As a result, the decoration is very durable and wear resistant. It is also cost competitive against other processes such as two-step injection molding or silk screening. 

When D < 1 (Tin C Ts) incipient boiling heat flux increases with increasing mass velocity. When D incipient boiling heat flux weakly depends on mass velocity. For micro-channels boiling incipient heat flux may weakly depend on inlet temperature. This case corresponds to flow boiling in parallel micro-channels, in which vapor penetrates the inlet manifold. 

Skin Liquid does not injure skin but penetrates it rapidly. Immediate decontamination of smallest drop is essential. Vapor penetrates skin also. 

Skin Extremely toxic through skin absorption. The estimated LD50 is 0.35 g/person on bare skin (1.4 g/person in ordinary clothing). Liquid does not injure skin but penetrates it rapidly. Immediate decontamination of smallest drop is essential. Vapor penetrates skin also. 

Poor adhesion of membrane to metal is the leading cause of failure in solid-state potentiometric sensors [116], For glass membranes, the mismatch of thermal coefficients of expansion between thin glass membrane and metal (mostly Pt) has been attributed to premature failure due to hairline crack formations in the glass layer [60], For polymer-based membranes, water vapor penetration was reported to compromise the membrane-metal interface, therefore affecting the sensor s performance. 

Vapors from the solvents or actual contact can also cause irritation of the eyes and the lining, or mucous membrane, of the nose and throat. If the vapors penetrate further into the respiratory passages, these too will become irritated and cause an irritation of the back of the throat (pharyngitis), or worse still, inflammation of the bronchi (breathing tubes) in the condition of bronchitis, which we have already seen occurring with the irritant gases. 

Peterson, J. E. Calculation of Vapor Penetration in Charcoal Sampling Tubes Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.,... 

Aluminum Oxide Moisture Sensor. This type of sensor is a capacitor, formed by depositing a layer of porous aluminum oxide onto a conductive substrate, and then coaling the oxide with a thin film of gold The conductive base and the gold layer become the capacitor s electrodes. Water vapor penetrates the gold layer and is absorbed by the porous oxidation layer The number of water molecules absorbed determines the electrical impedance of the capacity, which is. m turn, a measure of water vapor pressure. 

The impedance hygrometer measures the water content of a sample by means of a probe whose electrical impedance is a function of the vapor pressure of moisture in the fluid. The probe consists of an aluminum strip that is anodized to form a porous layer of aluminum oxide. A thin coat of gold is applied over the aluminum oxide. Water vapor penetrates the gold layer and equilibrates on the aluminum oxide. Leads from the gold and aluminum electrodes of the probes connect the sensing element to the measuring circuitry. The moisture content of solids can also be measured indirectly by detecting the moisture in the atmosphere above or near the process solids because the atmosphere near the solids is in equilibrium with the moisture content of the process materials. 

I Roof penetrations should be minimized to reduce potential for gas or vapor penetration. ... 

The effects of time, temperature, and humidity on the vapor penetration of HNl and HNS into the forearm skin of human male volunteers were reported by NDRC (1945). Results of this work showed similar effects of temperature and humidity as observed for sulfur mustard, e.g. greater absorption with increased temperature and humidity. The penetration of HN1 and HNS was found to be linear with time (5 to 20 min for HNl and SO-60 min for HNS). At 71-72°F and 50-52% relative humidity, HNl penetration rate was 2.8 pg/cm /min and for HNS was 0.18 pg/cm /min at 72-7S°F and 45-48% relative humidity. At 86-87°F and 47-49% relative humidify, HNl penetration rate increased to 5.2 pg/cm /min and HNS penetration rate increased to O.S pg/cm /min at 85°F and 47 8% relative humidity. Excretion via the urine is likely a major route of elimination, especially due to the water solubihty of the immonium ion (see seetion IV). 

In this particular design shown in Fig. 4, vapor penetrates the tray through a circular hole 2.47 inches in diameter, upward through a 3-inch length of pipe before being diverted downward by the cap and forced through the liquid outside the pipe. /... 

It has been recognized for some time that the kinetics of sorption of solvents into glassy polymers vary in form with the penetrant activity Fickian, anomalous, and Case II kinetics may be observed as activity is increased in a given solvent/polymer system (13). The recent study of several organic liquid and vapor penetrants in rigid PVC indicates that the the interaction parameter and plasticizing efficiency of the penetrant, as well as its activity, are factors affecting the form of the sorption kinetics (4). 

Content of Modifying Agents in the Film, wt% Vapor- Penetrability, g/(mTdays) Oxygen- Penetrability, g/(m -days) Distribution Pattern of ModiAers... 

In contrast, the presence of Cl based on low-molecular amines of NDA or G-2 type hampers gas-penetrability of the polymer films as a result of atmospheric aging [114]. Vapor-penetrability of PE films increases by 1.5-2 times after exposure to UV radiation for 200 hours or to climatic factors for two months. Under the same conditions, the vapor-penetrability of inhibited films grows, but by only 10-20%. Apparently, Cl of the named type function in this case like a stabilizer that hampers photo and thermal-oxidative aging of PE. 

Engineering goods transported or stored in closed volumes or metal vessels necessitate rust prevention. For this purpose volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) are commonly used whose vapors penetrate into narrow gaps and slots of metal structures and become adsorbed on the surfaces, thus inhibiting corrosion propagation. 

The driving force for gases and vapors penetrating or diffusing through, for example, permeable packages is the concentration difference between environments inside and... 

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