Closing volume

Scroll compressors are currently used in relatively smaU-sized installations, predominantly for residential air-conditioning (up to 50 kW). They are recognized for low-noise operation. Two scrolls (free-standing, involute spirals bounded on one side by a flat plate) facing each other form a closed volume while one moves in a controlled orbit around a fixed point on the other, fixed scroll. 

The suction gas which enters from the periphery is trapped by the scrolls. The closed volumes move radially inward until the discharge port is reached, when vapor is pressed out. The orbiting scroll is driven by a short-throw crank mechanism. Similar to screw compressors, internal leakage should be kept low, and is occurring in gaps between cylindrical surfaces and between the tips of the involute and the opposing scroll base plate. 

Necessary min. inert gas cone, for explosion prevention in case of emergent outflow of gas in closed volumes (% v/v) ... 

BEOs are also used as exhaust openings in closed volumes or as parts of exhaust systems for different supply systems (Section 10.3). In these cases, it i.s not the velocity distribution in front of the exhaust opening that is of importance, it is the airflow rate. These applications are described elsewhere (Section 10.4 ). 

Glove boxes have been described in Section 10.2.3.6 as systems with only exhaust air. There are glove boxes with both supply and exhaust air openings inside the closed volume (see Section 10.4.6.4) that look and function like the boxes described earlier. The use of supply air directly to the closed volume means that the control of the flow rates must be very accurate. Otherwise the box may be at a higher pressure than the surrounding areas, resulting in leakage of contaminants. 

Plane jets could be used to create a closed volume in which a contaminant source could be placed. In some ways, these systems are similar to Aaberg exhaust hoods (Section 10.4.4). The objective is to use plane jets instead of walls around an exhaust opening to create a vortex which enhances the capture efficiency of the exhaust. 

V.P. Karpov, E.S. Semenov, and A.S. Sokolik 1959, Turbulent combustion in closed volume, Doklady Akad. Nauka SSSR 128 1220-1223. 

It leads directly to the equation of continuity for the charge density in a closed volume, viz. 

As shown above in (6.162), the Lagrangian fluid-particle PDF can be related to the Eulerian velocity, composition PDF by integrating over all initial conditions. As shown below in (6.168), for the Lagrangian notional-particle PDF, the same transformation introduces a weighting factor which involves the PDF of the initial positions y) and the PDF of the current position /x.(x t). If we let V denote a closed volume containing a fixed mass of fluid, then, by definition, x, y e V. The first condition needed to reproduce the Eulerian PDF is that the initial locations be uniform ... 

It is calculated by measuring the nitrogen concentration in expired gas after a single breath of 100% oxygen. The nitrogen wash-out test is the same method used to measure anatomical dead space. Closing volume increases with age and reaches the standing FRC at 70 years and the supine FRC at 40 years. 

Phase 4 Draw a final upstroke. This occurs at the closing volume. Note that the volume on the x axis at this point is not the value for the closing volume itself but rather the volume exhaled so far in the test. The closing volume represents the volume remaining within the lung at this point. 

If the soluble protein that specifically adsorbs to the fiber can be extrinsi-cally labeled, the background problem can be avoided. Of course, in vivo proteins cannot be labeled. However, it is conceivable that a protein labeled with a bulky extrinsic group (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) could be confined by a molecular sieve membrane (e.g., a dialysis membrane) within a closed volume surrounding the specifically derivatized optical fiber. When exposed to the (unlabeled) protein in the biological fluid under investigation, the membrane-clad fiber would allow some unlabeled protein to permeate in and... 

Closing Volume (cv) - Buist and Ross S measured the lung volume at... 

Buist, A. S., and B. B. Ross. Predicted values for closing volumes using a modified single breath nitrogen test. Amer. Rev. Respir. Dis. 107 744-752, 1973. 

Closing volume measurement, 29S-96 Colorimetric analysis for air monhoriqg, 262-64,27S to measure nitrogen oxides, 269 Community Health Effects Surveillance Studies (chess), 9,432 Concentration. See Ozone otmcentration Feroi aoetyliiitrate concentration Photochemical-oxidant concentration... 

To proceed with the proof, we first state a property of the Bardeen integral If both functions involved, i i and x> satisfy the same Schrodinger equation in a region fi, then the Bardeen integral J on the surface enclosing a closed volume w within fl vanishes. Actually, using Green s theorem, Eq. (3.2) becomes... 

PO 6, Hollister, Calif, 95023) consists of a stainless steel, hollow, cylindrical body ca 1.67-inches long, which can be hermetically closed. It contains three charges donor, receptor, and main chge, all of them secondary HE compns. Complete elimination of primary expl compns makes these devices safer to handle than other types of initiators. The main chge generates 3900 to 4500 psi within 0.4 millisecs in a closed volume of 10 cc. The method of initiating the TBI was not reported... 

ATSDR has derived a chronic-duration inhalation MRL of 1.0x10 ppm for HDl, based on a LOAEL of 0.0001 ppm based on changes in percent closing volume (%CV) in a study of 3 groups of garage workers by Alexandersson et al. (1987). 

Thus, the reciprocal lattice of a simple cubic lattice is also simple cubic. It is shown in Fig. 5.7 in the xy plane, where it is clear that the bisectors of the first nearest-neighbour (100) reciprocal lattice vectors from a closed volume about the origin which is not cut by the second or any further near-neighbour bisectors. Hence, the Brillouin zone is a cube of volume (2n/a)2 that from eqn (2.38) contains as many allowed points as there are primitive unit cells in the crystal. The second, third, and fourth zones can... 

Two important quantities that it would be interesting to know are the total diffuse charge in the solution, qd, and how the potential varies with distance. According to Gauss s law from electrostatics, the charge contained within a closed volume (Gaussian box) is equal to ee0 times the area of the closed surface (taken here as unit ) times the component of the field normal to the surface of the enclosed volume... 

Consider a closed volume Q containing a mixture of chemical compounds Xj (j = 1, 2,..., J). Let rij be the number of molecules Xj. It is convenient to represent the set rij geometrically by a vector n in a. /-dimensional state space . The integral values of the rij constitute a lattice. Every lattice point in the octant of nonnegative values corresponds to a state of the mixture and vice versa (fig. 17). 

The study of a reaction in a steady jet with mixing is logically fundamentally simpler than the study of a single run of a chemical reaction in time in a closed volume. In our case we were able to absolutely rigorously introduce a number of very important concepts (such as the explosion limit) which in the case of a closed volume are of an approximate nature, although the approximation is in fact usually quite good. 

Under the conditions considered here it is possible to foresee the peculiar phenomenon of quenching, or disruption of intensive combustion as the reaction time is decreased, similar to the extinction of a heterogeneous reaction (Prank-Kamenetskii [4]) in contrast, in the kinetics of reaction in a closed volume this phenomenon finds no close analogy. 

By analogy with gas systems we call the combustion temperature in a closed volume Texpl, retaining the notation Tc for combustion at constant pressure. 

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