Vanadium oxide cathodes

Crespi, A.M., PM. Skarstad, and H.W. Zandbergen. 1995. Characterization of silver vanadium oxide cathode material by high-resolution electron microscopy. J. Power Sources. 54 68-71. 

Ramasamy, R.P., C. Feger, T. Strange, and B.N. Popov. 2006. Discharge characteristics of silver vanadium oxide cathodes. J. Applied Electrochem. 36 487—497. 

Crespi AM (1993) Silver vanadium oxide cathode material and method of preparation. US Patent 5221453... 

Strange DA, Rayman S, Shaffer JS, White RE (2011) Physics-based lithium ion silver vanadium oxide cathode model. J Power Sources 196(22) 9708-9718. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.057... 

Murphy DW, Christian PA, DiSalvo FJ, Carides JN (1979) Vanadium oxide cathode materials for secondary lithium cells. J Electrochem Soc 126 497-499... 

These polymer electrol5rtes were exploited in the late 1990s for the fabrication of large-sized, laminated battery modules based on cells formed by a lithium foil anode and a vanadium oxide cathode, developed jointly by Hydro Quebec in Canada and 3M company in the United States [7,8]. The battery module had very good performance in terms of energy density (155 Wh kg ) and cycle life (600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge (DOD)), and it was proposed as a power source for EVs, a very futuristic concept back in 1996. However, despite this and other successful demonstration projects, the lithium polymer battery project was abandoned and only very recently reconsidered for use in an EV produced in France [9]. 

The general configuration of one system that has reached an advanced stage of development (22) is shown in Figure 1. The negative electrode consists of thin lithium foil. The composite cathode is composed of vanadium oxide [12037-42-2] 6 13 with polymer electrolyte. Demonstration... 

Other sohd cathode systems that have been widely investigated include those containing lithium cobalt oxide [12190-79-3] LiCo02 (51), vanadium pentoxide [1314-62-17, 20, and higher vanadium oxides, eg, 0 3 (52,53). 

A double-beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer should be used. Set up a vanadium hollow cathode lamp selecting the resonance line of wavelength 318.5 nm, and adjust the gas controls to give a fuel-rich acetylene-nitrous oxide flame in accordance with the instruction manual. Aspirate successively into the flame the solvent blank, the standard solutions, and finally the test solution, in each case recording the absorbance reading. Plot the calibration curve and ascertain the vanadium content of the oil. 

Li2S204 being the SEI component at the Li anode and the solid discharge product at the carbon cathode. The Li—SOCI2 and Li—SO2 systems have excellent operational characteristics in a temperature range from —40 to 60 °C (SOCI2) or 80 °C (SO2). Typical applications are military, security, transponder, and car electronics. Primary lithium cells have also various medical uses. The lithium—silver—vanadium oxide system finds application in heart defibrillators. The lithium—iodine system with a lithium iodide solid electrolyte is the preferred pacemaker cell. 

Although much of the V NMR has been performed on model systems or catalytic materials containing vanadium, 29 >30 compounds such as V2O5 or VOPO4 are used in both the catalysis and lithium battery fields, and many of the results can be used to help elucidate the structures of vanadium-containing cathode materials. V NMR spectra are sensitive to changes in the vanadium coordination number and distortions of the vanadium local environments from regular tetrahedra or octahedra. >33 5>V isotropic chemical shifts of between —400 and —800 ppm are seen for vanadium oxides, and unfortunately, unlike... 

Silver, copper and other oxosalts have been extensively studied as cathodes in laboratory cells commercial power sources, principally for pacemakers, using silver chromate were manufactured until the 1980s, and silver vanadate or silver vanadium oxide (Ag2V4On), first reported by workers at Wilson Greatbatch Ltd, is currently used as cathode in implantable cardiac defibrillator batteries. 

Other forms of vanadium oxide have been used as cathodes in rechargeable lithium batteries. A common example is V2O5 which displays a structure consisting of distorted V06 octahedra joined by edge sharing... 

History began for the lithium/SVO cell in 1982, when the first of two U.S. patents for the use of metal vanadium oxides as cathodes in electrochemical cells was granted to Liang et al. [40], Thermal decomposition methods were utilized to... 

The use of SVO as a rechargeable cathode material is enticing due to the high-energy density (> 300 mAh/g) of this material. However, during the discharge reaction of a lithium/SVO cell, the reduced silver is replaced by lithium in the vanadium oxide matrix. Therefore, the reversibility of this lithium for silver substitution under charge conditions is still a matter of debate, as will be outlined below. 

Leising, R.A. and E.S. Takeuchi. 1993. Solid-state cathode materials for lithium batteries Effect of synthesis temperature on the physical and electrochemical properties of silver vanadium oxide. Chem. Mater. 5 738-742. 

The development of implanted medical defibrillators required a high-rate, long-life battery system. In defibrillators, the CFx is used in combination with silver vanadium oxide (SVO) cathode materials [17]. A binary mixture of CFx and SVO are combined to form the cathode, giving the best features of SVO and CFx. Compared to CFx, the SVO has superior pulse current capability, but lower energy storage capability. The cell reactions are given in Equations 10.7 and 10.8. 

Abraham, K.M., Goldman, J.L., and Holicck, G.L. 1981. Vanadium oxides as cathodes for secondary hthium cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 128, 271-281. 

On the other hand, the medical condition where the heart beats too fast is known as tachycardia. If untreated, tliis condition may lead to ventricular fibrillation, that is, a condition in which the heart stops beating and shakes uncontrollably and is usually fatal. In 1980, a special device was developed and implanted in patients. It could sense the condition and provide a shock that would stop the fibrillation and restore the normal sinus rhythm via an electrode sutured onto the heart. The device was first powered by a lithium/vanadium pentoxide system later it was replaced by a system using a cathode material of silver vanadium oxide (SVO or Ag2V40ii). This is the actual system used in modem ICDs (implantable cardioverter/defibrillator). Another material used is the lithium/manganese dioxide system. Also, a new system using a sandwich cathode design with an inner cathode material of carbon monofluoride and an external cathode layer of silver vanadium oxide is in wide use. 

Gin s electrolytic method for ferrovanadium1 uses vanadic acid dissolved in a bath of fused iron fluoride and calcium carbide. The anode is a mixture of vanadic acid and retort carbon, and the cathode is fused steel. (2) A French process uses vanadic acid dissolved in calcium fluovanadate, and a current of 0.7 ampere per square centimeter of anode surface. (3) An American process electrolyzes a solution of vanadic acid in molten ferrosilicon. (4) Another American process passes an electric current through a charge made up of vanadium oxide and the calculated amounts of iron and carbon. 

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