Lithium-silver vanadium oxide

Li2S204 being the SEI component at the Li anode and the solid discharge product at the carbon cathode. The Li—SOCI2 and Li—SO2 systems have excellent operational characteristics in a temperature range from —40 to 60 °C (SOCI2) or 80 °C (SO2). Typical applications are military, security, transponder, and car electronics. Primary lithium cells have also various medical uses. The lithium—silver—vanadium oxide system finds application in heart defibrillators. The lithium—iodine system with a lithium iodide solid electrolyte is the preferred pacemaker cell. 

Demand pacemakers are very low current devices, requiring only 25-50 jiW for sensing and 60-100 pW for stimulation. In contrast, implanted ventricular defibrillators (Fig. 1.3) must be able to deliver short electric pulses of 25-40 J (e.g. 2 A at 2 V for 10 s) which can shock the heart into normal rhythm, and hence require a much higher rate battery. The most common system is a lithium-silver vanadium oxide cell with a liquid-organic based electrolyte. More than 80 000 such units have been implanted. Implanted drug delivery devices also use lithium primary batteries, as do neurostimulators and bone growth stimulators. 

Fig. 4.11 Cross-sectional view (from the top) of a prismatic high power lithium—silver vanadium oxide battery used to power an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). (By permission of Medtronic.)...

Developing technologies in vanadium science provide the basis for the last two chapters of this book. Vanadium(V) in various forms of polymeric vanadium pen-toxide is showing great promise in nanomaterial research. This area of research is in its infancy, but already potential applications have been identified. Vanadium-based redox batteries have been developed and are finding their way into both large-and small-scale applications. Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries for implantable devices have important medical applications. 

Takeuchi, E.S. and P. Piliero. 1987. Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries with various silver to vanadium ratios. J. Power Sources. 21 133-141. 

Takeuchi, E.S. and W.C. Thiebolt. 1988. The reduction of silver vanadium oxide in lithium/silver vanadium oxide cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 135 2691-2694. 

Bergman, G.M., S.J. Ebel, E.S. Takeuchi, and P. Keister. 1987. Heat dissipation from lithium/silver vanadium oxide cells during storage and low-rate discharge. J. Power Sources. 20 179-185. 

Explains signal transduction processes and related biology, biochemistry, and cell biology in a way that is accessible to chemists Provides detailed descriptions of vanadium batteries Describes recent advances in the applications of the lithium/silver vanadium oxide battery, particularly for medical applications... 

The earliest implantable defibrillators used lithium-vanadium oxide (LiA 205) cells. The chemical stability of this type of cell was unsatisfactory, and they were soon replaced with lithium-silver vanadium oxide (Li/Ag2V40n or Li/SVO) cells. Until only the last few years, AlAgjW4Ou cells were by far the most common cell system used in implantable defibrillators. 

Fig. 11.9 Low continuous current and high current pulse discharge voltages for a lithium-silver vanadium oxide (Li/Ag2V40n) cell...

Fig. 8.2 Characteristics of a typical lithium silver vanadium oxide battery. See text for details. (From Mehra R, Cybulski Z. Tachyarrhythmia termination lead systems and hardware design. In Singer I, ed. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Armonk, NY Futura Publishing, 1994 127, with permission.)...

Root MJ (2011) Resistance model for lithium-silver vanadium oxide cells. J Electrochem Soc 158(12) A1347. doi 10.1149/2.049112jes... 

Lithium-silver-vanadium oxide (Li-AgVO) capable of delivering high current pulses and, therefore, most ideal for ICDs... 

The lithium/silver vanadium oxide system has been developed for use in biomedical applications, such as cardiac defibrillators, neurostimulators and drug delivery devices. Electrochemical reduction of silver vanadium oxide (SVO) is a complex process and occurs in multiple steps from 3.2 to 2.0 V. This system is capable of high power, high energy density and high specific energy as is required for cardiac defibrillators, its principle application. 

FIGURE 14.95 Discharge of lithium/silver vanadium oxide. Voltage is shown versus equivalents of lithium for a cathode stoichiometry of AgV205 5. Ref. 46.)... 

FIGURE 14.96 Discharge of a 2.2 Ah lithium/silver vanadium oxide defibrillator battery under a scheme of one pulse train of four pulses applied every 30 minutes. Ref. 46). 

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