Vaccine subcutaneous injection

No antibody activity was found after oral immunization in any of the individual rabbits immunized with liposphere R32NS 1-vaccine formulation. However, rabbit immunization by all parenteral routes tested resulted in enhanced immunogenicity, with increased antibody IgG levels over the entire postimmunization period. The individual rabbit immune response shows that immunization by subcutaneous injection was the most effective vaccination route among all parenteral routes of administration tested. 

An anthrax vaccine contains 0.0025% benzethonium chloride as preservative. When a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mL is given as a booster dose, how many micrograms of the preservative does the patient get ... 

Our laboratory uses a mouse model to study preventative and therapeutic vaccination strategies for human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated tumors. For preventative vaccination studies, six- to eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice are injected subcutaneously with LPDI on days 0 and 5 and are challenged on day 10 with a subcutaneous injection of 10 E7-expressing TC-1 tumor cells with tumor growth measured three times weekly. 

To review, in an experimental mouse model, LPDI/E7 vaccination both prevents the establishment of metastatic E7-expressing tumors in naive mice through an induced E7-specific T-cell immune response and, in mice with previously established E7-expressing tumors, causes tumor regression with one subcutaneous injection of LPDI/E7 [Han SJ, et al. Subcutaneous antigen loading of dendritic cells by liposome-protamine-DNA (LPD) nanoparticles results in their activation and induction of specific antitumor immune response (impublished)]. A robust immune response follows administration of LPDI/ peptide particles, which can be used as either a preventative or therapeutic cancer vaccination strategy due to the ability of the particles to prevent and eliminate tumors, respectively, in mouse models. 

Therapeutic vaccines were tested in BALB/c mice bearing TA3-Ha mammary carcinoma. The treatment consisted of 4 subcutaneous injections, at 3-6 days intervals, of Detox [a commercial preparation of cell wall skeletons from Mycobacterium phlei and non-toxic monophosphoryl lipid A from Salmonella minnesota (S. minnesota) in squalane oil and Tween 80 from Ribi Immunochemical research, Montana, USA] mixed with Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen coupled with KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) performed 5 days after the tumor cell injection. This vaccination achieved the survival of 25 % of the mice. Pretreatment of mice with cyclophosphamide in order to inhibit any suppressive response, increased survival to 50 % when the treatment began 5 days after tumor cell injection, and to 90 % when the treatment began 2 days after tumor cell injection. Both antibody as well as delayed-... 

The vaccine usually is given in combination with measles and rubella vaccines (as MMR) and is administered as a 0.5-mL subcutaneous injection in the upper arm. Dosing recommendations coincide with those for measles vaccine, with the first dose being administered... 

So far, 16 individual vaccines from 16 patients have been produced from tobacco, 15 are glycosylated, and one is a non-glycosy-lated vaccine [374]. These vaccines were applied as 6-monthly subcutaneous injections in studies conducted at Stanford University. Excellent safety profile in all patients at all immunization times was observed, with significant cellular and humoral responses observed in 8/16 and 7/16 patients, respectively, equivalent to the response seen in previous cancer vaccine trials. 

Luoto L, Bell JF, Casey M, Lackman D. Q fever vaccination of human volunteers, I The serologic and skin-test response following subcutaneous injections. Am J Hyg. 1963 78 1-15. 

The immunization consists of three subcutaneous injections given 2 weeks apart tbllow-ed by three additional subcutaneous injections given at 6, 12. and 18 months. Annual booster injections of die vaccine are recommended thereafter. 

In a randomised study in 26 patients stabilised on warfarin, there was no difference in injection site adverse events between intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of a standard trivalent influenza vaccine, and no patient had bruising or swelling. In addition, both routes of administration produced similar levels of antibody titres. In another study that specifically assessed the local reactions to intramuscular influenza vaccination, there were no detectable local complications after intramuscular injection, including no change in arm circumference. ... 

Limited evidence suggests that intramuscular administration is not associated with increased local complications, but also that subcutaneous administration is effective. Because of the theoretical risk of local muscle haematoma, it may be preferable to give influenza vaccines by deep subcutaneous injection in patients taking coumarins and related anticoagulants. 

Subcutaneous injections deliver the drug just below the dermis and therefore bypass the barrier of the skin. The drug will quickly diffuse to lymphatic or blood capillaries and be taken up and distributed systemically. Because lymphatics take up large molecules, this is an excellent site for injections of high-molecular weight agents such as vaccines. 

Sustained-release injections, subcutaneous and intramuscular, have been investigated in a variety of different formulations [217,218], Injections of degradable microspheres have efficiently prolonged delivery of numerous drugs [219-222], even antigenic substances and vaccines to produce immunity [223,224]. 

Trials of therapeutic vaccination against prostate cancer used OncoVax-P (Jenner Biotherapies, Inc, San Ramon, California). OncoVax-P consists of 200 pg monophosphoryl lipid A (similar to that used in Detox) added to 1 ml liposomes and 100 pg PSA (prostate-specific antigen). Patients received injections by different routes (intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous) according to the trial, with or without GM-CSF, IL-2 or BCG and cyclophosphamide pretreatment. No serious side effects were seen. DTH and antibody responses were achieved. Vaccination increased the PSA-reactive T cell frequency as determined by IFN-y secretion, but no toxicity against PSA-expressing target cells was detected. The most effective strategy could not be determined, and no conclusion about the clinical efficacy of the treatment was possible [214,215],... 

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