USEPA Agency

Until recently, few papers appeared on the fate of dyes in the environment. But because of the importance of this subject, work is being done primarily by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Ecological and Toxicological Association of the Dyestuff Manufacturing Industry (ETAD). 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to identify and control toxic chemical ha2ards to human health and the environment. One of the main provisions of TSCA was to estabUsh and maintain an inventory of all chemicals in commerce in the United States for the purpose of regulating any of the chemicals that might pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. An initial inventory of chemicals was estabhshed by requiring companies to report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) all substances that were imported, manufactured, processed, distributed, or disposed of in the United States. Over 50,000 chemical substances were reported. PoUowing this initial inventory, introduction of all new chemical substances requires a Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) process. To be included in the PMN are the identity of the new chemical, the estimated first year and maximum production volume, manufacture and process information, a description of proposed use, potential release to the environment, possible human exposure to the new substance, and any health or environmental test data available at the time of submission. In the 10 years that TSCA has been in effect, the USEPA has received over 10,000 PMNs and up to 10% of the submissions each year are for dyes (382)... 

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics in the Community National and Local Perspectives, USEPA, USA, 1991. 

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. Pesticide Waste Control Technology. Park Ridge, N.J. Noyes Data Corporation. 

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1982. Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Subcategory. EPA440/ 1-82/024. Washington, D.C. 

Today resource limitations have caused the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to reassess schedules for new rules. A 1987 USEPA survey indicated there were approximately 202,000 public water systems in the United States. About 29 percent of these were community water systems, which serve approximately 90 percent of the population. Of the 58,908 community systems that serve about 226 million people, 51,552 were classified as "small" or "very small." Each of these systems at an average serves a population of fewer than 3300 people. The total population served by these systems is approximately 25 million people. These figures provide us with a magnitude of scale in meeting drinking water demands in the United States. Compliance with drinking water standards is not... 

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency... 

U.S, Environmental Protection Agency (1980). Carbon Adsorption Isotherms for Toxic Organics, EPA-600/8-80-023. USEPA, Cincinnati, OH. 

The remaining Sections e.xainine tluce important topics as tliey relate to the subject title of tliis book. Section 2.7 reviews the details of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s (USEPA s) Risk Management Program while Section 2.8 provides information on the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). The chapter continues with a short Section (2.9) on potential environmental violations and then concludes with a Section (2.10) on tlic Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. 

The tliird major set of amendments was the Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992. Tliis aet resoh es the legal question of w hether federal faeilities are subjeet to enforcement actions under RCRA by wai ing the go crnmcnt s so crcign iimnunity from prosecution. As a result, states, USEPA, and the Department of Justice can enforce the pro isions of RCRA against federal facilities, and federal departments and agencies can be subjected to injunctions, administrative orders, and/or pciuiltics for noncomplianec. ... 

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) was enacted by Congress in 1970 and established tlie Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which addressed safety in tlie workplace. At tlie same time tlie USEPA was created. Both USEPA and OSHA are mandated to reduce tlie exposure of Itazardous substances over Umd, sea, and air. Tlie OSH Act is limited to conditions that exist in the workplace, where its jurisdiction covers both safety and health. Frequently, both agencies regulate tlie same substances but in a different manner as they are overlapping environmental organizations. 

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) An estimate similar in concept to the RfD, but derived using a less strictly defined methodology. RfDs have replaced ADIs as the USEPA s (Agency) preferred values for use in evaluating potential noiicarcinogenic health effects resulting from exposure to a chemical. 

The USEPA classification system for weight of evidence is shown in Table 11.6.1. This system is adapted from the approach taken by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Transportation. (1998). It All Adds Up to Cleaner Air. Pilot Site Resource Kit. USEPA, Office of Mobile Sources, Transportation Air Quality Center. Ann Arbor, MI Author. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Standards of performance for new and existing stationary sources electric utihty steam generating units Final Rule. Fed Reg 70, Wednesday, May 18, 2005/Rules and Regulations. 40 CFR Parts 60, 72, and 75. [OAR-2002-0056 FRL-7888-1]. RIN 2060-AJ65... 

USEPA] US Enviromnental Protection Agency. 2004a. Fact Sheet — National Listing of Fish Advisories. Office ofWaterEPA-823-F-04-016 August 2004. URL http //www. epa.gov/waterscience/flsh/advisories/ factsheetpdf... 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2004b. URL http //www.epa.gov/mercury/ control emissions/global.htm, updated May 2005. 

USEPA] US Enviromnental Protection Agency. 1997. Mercury Study Report to Congress. Fate and Transport of Mercury in the Environment, Vol. 111. EPA-452/R-97-005, US Enviromnental Protection Agency, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 

USEPA] US Enviromnental Protection Agency. 2003. Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Program Research Plan, EPA/600/R-03/035, May 2003. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Method 1631 mercury in water by oxidation, purge and trap, and cold vapor atomic fluorescence (C VAFS). Draft method EPA 821-R-96-012. 

USEPA] US Envhonmental Protection Agency. 2000. Guidance for assessing chemical contamination data for use in fish advisories. Vol. 1 Fish sampling and analysis, 3rd ed. Washington, DC USEPA Office of Water. EPA 823-B-00-007. http //www.epa.gov/ waterscience/fishadvice/volumel/index.html... 

Adapted from Olsen etal. 1999). Abbreviations CWS Canadian Wildlife Service USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency EWS Pish and Wildlife Service NBS National Biological Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration USGS U.S. Geological Survey. 

USCOE] US Army Corps of Engineers and [USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2005. Environmental Residue-Effects Database (ERED). 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1993b. Wildlife exposure factors handbook, Vol. 1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Method EPA 600-R-93- 187a. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1995. Final water quality guidance for the great lakes system. Fed Reg 40 CFR Parts 9,122,123, 131, 132 60 15366-15424. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Mercury study report to Congress, Vol VI An ecological assessment of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States. Office of Air Quahty Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, U S. Enviromnental Protection Agency, EPA-452/R-97-008. 

USEPA] US Enviromnental Protection Agency. 2001. Water quality criterion for the protection of human health methyhnercury. EPA-823-R-01-001. 

USEPA] US Enviromnental Protection Agency. 2002. Proceedings and summary report, workshop on the fate, transport, and transformation of mercury in aquatic and terrestrial environments. EPA/USGS workshop 2001 May 8-10 West Pahn Beach, FL, USA. USEPA Office of Research and Development. EPA/625/R-02/005. 171 p. 

Seven replicate recoveries of flucarbazone-sodium, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and NODT from well water fortified af 50 ng L averaged 106,100,89 and 106%, respec-fively. Therefore, the LOQ is 50 ng L for each analyte. The method detection limits for flucarbazone-sodium, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and NODT, as determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended technique, are 5, 11, 20 and 19ngL, respectively. 

An asterisk indicates that the modified plant produces a pestiddal substance that is regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 

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