Mercury anthropogenic

Mason RP, Fitzgerald WF, Morel FMM (1994) The Biogeochemical Cycling of Elemental Mercury - Anthropogenic Influences. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 3191-3198... 

Mason, R.P., Fitzgerald, W.F. Morel, F.M. 1994. The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury anthropogenic... 

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of mercury anthropogenic emission in Europe in 2002.

Figure 12. Spatial distribution of mercury anthropogenic emission in the Northern Hemisphere (a) and in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (b) in 1995. Black line in the left figure delineates the EMEP region (Ilyin et al., 2004).

Mason, R. R, W. F. Fitzgerald, and F. M. M. Morel. 1994. "The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury Anthropogenic influences." Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 58 3191-3198. 

Regulations. In order to decrease the amount of anthropogenic release of mercury in the United States, the EPA has limited both use and disposal of mercury. In 1992, the EPA banned land disposal of high mercury content wastes generated from the electrolytic production of chlorine—caustic soda (14), accompanied by a one-year variance owing to a lack of available waste treatment faciUties in the United States. A thermal treatment process meeting EPA standards for these wastes was developed by 1993. The use of mercury and mercury compounds as biocides in agricultural products and paints has also been banned by the EPA. 

Apart from CH3 Hg+, other forms of R-Hg+ have been found in the natural environment, which originate from anthropogenic sources but are not known to be generated from inorganic mercury. These forms have been found in terrestrial and aquatic food chains. A major source has been fungicides, in which the R group is phenyl, alkoxy-alkyl, or higher alkyl (ethyl, propyl, etc.). These forms behave in a similar manner... 

Mercury, tin, lead, arsenic, and antimony form toxic lipophilic organometallic compounds, which have a potential for bioaccumulation/bioconcentration in food chains. Apart from anthropogenic organometallic compounds, methyl derivatives of mercury and arsenic are biosynthesized from inorganic precursors in the natural environment. 

FIGURE 1.3 Anthropogenic emissions of total mercury in 1995 (tonnes). (Reprinted with permission from Pacyna et al. 2003.)... 

FIGURE 1.4 Change of global anthropogenic emissions of total mercury to the atmosphere from 1990-2000 (metric tons). (Reprinted from Pacyna et al. 2006, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

FIGURE 1.5 Anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States, 1990-1999. Short tons per year. Emissions shown for gold mines in 1990 and 1996 are assumed to be equal to emissions for those mines in 1999. Source From USEPA 2004c.)... 

Lucotte M, Mucci A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Pichet P, Grondin A. 1995. Anthropogenic mercury enrichment in remote lakes of northern Quebec (Canada). Water Air Soil Pollut 80 467-476. 

Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Steenhuisen F, Wilson D. 2006. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Atmospheric Environment 40 4048 063. 

Pacyna JM, Pacyna EG, Steenhuisen F, Wilson S. 2003. Mapping 1995 global anthropogenic emissions of mercury. Atmos Environ 37(Suppl. 1) S109-S117. 

Schuster PF, Krabbenhoft DP, Naftz DL, Cecil FD, Olson ML, Dewild IF, Susong DD, Green JR, Abbott ML. 2002. Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years a glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources. Env Sci Technol 36 2303-2310. 

Pirrone N, Costa P, Pacyna JM, Ferrara R. 2001. Atmospheric mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources in the Mediterranean region. Atmos Environ 35 2997-3006. 

Jackson TA. 1997. Long-range atmospheric transport of mercury to ecosystems, and the importance of anthropogenic emissions — a critical review and evaluation of the published evidence. Environ Rev 5 99-120. 

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