Environmental Protection Agency USEPA

Until recently, few papers appeared on the fate of dyes in the environment. But because of the importance of this subject, work is being done primarily by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Ecological and Toxicological Association of the Dyestuff Manufacturing Industry (ETAD). 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to identify and control toxic chemical ha2ards to human health and the environment. One of the main provisions of TSCA was to estabUsh and maintain an inventory of all chemicals in commerce in the United States for the purpose of regulating any of the chemicals that might pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. An initial inventory of chemicals was estabhshed by requiring companies to report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) all substances that were imported, manufactured, processed, distributed, or disposed of in the United States. Over 50,000 chemical substances were reported. PoUowing this initial inventory, introduction of all new chemical substances requires a Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) process. To be included in the PMN are the identity of the new chemical, the estimated first year and maximum production volume, manufacture and process information, a description of proposed use, potential release to the environment, possible human exposure to the new substance, and any health or environmental test data available at the time of submission. In the 10 years that TSCA has been in effect, the USEPA has received over 10,000 PMNs and up to 10% of the submissions each year are for dyes (382)... 

Today resource limitations have caused the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to reassess schedules for new rules. A 1987 USEPA survey indicated there were approximately 202,000 public water systems in the United States. About 29 percent of these were community water systems, which serve approximately 90 percent of the population. Of the 58,908 community systems that serve about 226 million people, 51,552 were classified as "small" or "very small." Each of these systems at an average serves a population of fewer than 3300 people. The total population served by these systems is approximately 25 million people. These figures provide us with a magnitude of scale in meeting drinking water demands in the United States. Compliance with drinking water standards is not... 

Seven replicate recoveries of flucarbazone-sodium, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and NODT from well water fortified af 50 ng L averaged 106,100,89 and 106%, respec-fively. Therefore, the LOQ is 50 ng L for each analyte. The method detection limits for flucarbazone-sodium, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide and NODT, as determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended technique, are 5, 11, 20 and 19ngL, respectively. 

An asterisk indicates that the modified plant produces a pestiddal substance that is regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 

Only a few models applicable to paddy field conditions have been developed. RICEWQ by Williams, PADDY by Inao and Kitamura," and PCPF-1 by Watanabe and Takagi are useful for paddy fields. EXAMS2 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), a surface water model, can also be used to simulate paddy fields with an appropriate model scenario and has been used for the prediction of sulfonylurea herbicide behavior in paddy fields. The prediction accuracy of PADDY and PCPF-1 is high, although these models require less parameter... 

USEPA (2007) Sustainable materials management materials management and the 3Rs Initiative. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). http //www.hepa.gov/oswer/intemational/ factsheets/ndpm-3rs-initiative-and- materialsmanagement.html. Accessed 10 Apr 2011... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Manufacturers to Use New Wood Preservatives, Replacing Most Residential Uses of CCA, http // www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/cca transition.htm (verified 7 May 2003), 2002b. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Implementation guidance for the arsenic rule. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC., 2002a. 

Ecological and toxicological aspects of silver are reviewed by Smith and Carson (1977), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] (1980, 1987), Lockhart (1983), the U.S. Public Health Service [USPHS] (1990), Andren et al. (1993, 1994), Andren and Bober (1995), Eisler (1996), Mukheqee (1997), and Ratte (1999). 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1987. Tributyltin. Technical support document. Position document 2/3. Mimeo. 152 pp. Avail, from U.S. Environ. Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides Programs, Registration Division, Special Review Branch, 401 M Street S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. U.S. Navy (USN). 1984. Environmental Assessment of Fleetwide Use of Organotin Antifouling Paint. U.S. 

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