US Federal Communications

The US Federal Communications Committee chose a frequency of 2.45 GHz for microwave ovens to ensure that they do not interfere with other equipment operated by microwaves, such as mobile phones. Therefore, we see that, contrary to popular belief, a frequency of 2.45 MHz is not a resonant frequency for molecules of water. 

US Federal Communications Commission - Office of Engineering and Technology - Radio Frequency Safety. Online. Available HTTP (accessed 9 April 2003). 

Clean and wholesome drinking water is of essential importance for any society. Therefore, water intended for human consumption is one of the most comprehensively regulated and monitored media in any country. In this section, an overview is given on the standards for drinking water quality which are laid down by the European Community (EC), by the US Federal Government and by the Word Health Organization (WHO). 

In cooperation with the Federal Communication Commission (ECC) Emergency Alert System, NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) serves as a network of radio stations that broadcast continuous weather information direct from NWS offices. The NWR network consists of 850 transmitters that cover all 50 states, adjacent coastal waters, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and the US Pacific Territories. 

Cleanroom standard The US Federal Standard 209E, Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Clean-rooms and Clean Zones, is required for manufacturers who want to conform to quality system regulation. Via the industrial ISO European Community, it has been integrated with ISO. Among the more important recent changes are metrication, revision of upper confidence level (UCL) requirement, provisions for sequential sampling, and an alternative verification procedure based on determination of the concept of ultra-fine particles known as U descriptors. 

EUROPEAN COMMISSION US,FOOD DRUG ADMINISTRATION GERMANY,FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR HEALTH EU EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION ... 

The US Constitution, federal statutes and regulations, and state law combine to govern the collection, use, and disclosure of information. The Constitution provides certain privacy protections, but does not explicitly protect information privacy. Generally, federal law addresses privacy issues and personal information by topic (e.g., education, telecommunications, privacy, health information, motor vehicle, communications and communications records, financial and credit information, children s online (Internet) privacy) The individual s interests are usually balanced with the government s need, with authorization for personal information normally being sought through warrants, subpoenas, and court orders [120]. 

Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L287, Brussels, p. 1 (1994). Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, Sec. 530.41 (1997). 

One of the principal objectives of the federal biomass program is to improve the lot of farmers and rural communities. History teaches us that simply expanding demand for plant matter will not automatically benefit the cultivators of that plant matter. As farmers are aware more than anyone, expanded markets in the past have not resulted in increased net income to the farmer. This is because, as John F. Kennedy once observed, "The farmer is the only man in our economy who buys everything retail, sells everything he sells wholesale and pays the freight both ways."4... 

The 2002 Brownfields Law greatly expanded the availability of Federal funds for brownfields cleanup. In addition to revolving loan funds, US EPA now offers direct grants to allow communities and nonprofit organizations to clean up brownfields sites. Eligible entities may apply for up to 200,000 per site, and may use the funds to address sites contaminated by petroleum and hazardous substances. The grants require a 20% cost share, which may be in the form of a contribution of money, labor, material, or services, and must be used for eligible and allowable costs. 

The manufacture or import of surfactants into the US results in worker exposure to these chemicals. OSHA hazard communication requirements were promulgated to protect workers and are specified in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1900. They define the testing conditions under which a surfactant is deemed to be hazardous which then trigger the requirement for a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). It must be freely available for inspection by workers. Although OSHA requires MSDS documents only for hazardous materials, practically all chemicals in commerce have MSDS papers prepared by chemical producers. 

In 1996, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) set up a federal advisory committee composed of members with interests ranging from the environmental and agricultural communities to state and local governments. The committee s objective was to recommend ways to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of state, territorial, tribal, and USEPA total maximum daily load (TMDL ) programs. 

The International Conferences was jointly supported and organized by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW), together with the pharmaceutical industry, as represented by the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA), the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA), the US Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) and the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA). 

I also want to thank for the sponsorship the US EPA, the US Department of Energy, the European Economic Community, the European Federation of Chemical Engineers, the Belgian National Research Fund, Biotim Consultants Engineers, and KUL and K. VIV. This conference has brought together such a wide variety of people from 31 countries. 

In the United States, MSDSs originated in the shipbuilding industry using a format designated as the US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) Form 20. Chemical manufacturers expanded the original 2-page OSHA Form 20 in order to more adequately provide health and safety data on chemical products. Under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.1200) issued in 1983, MSDS requirements are performance oriented and do not require a specific format. However, there is a nonmandatory OSHA Form 174. 

These three special issues of the journal Toxicology provide a comprehensive overview of Web-based toxicology resources that are available to the public. Part I focuses on government resources, including those of the US EPA and various other federal agencies, subnational toxicology information resources (state, territorial, tribal, municipal, and community),... 

The Federal Rules of Evidence (ERE) were adopted in 1975. Subsequently most states (at least 37) have adopted their own codified rules of evidence modeled closely on the FRE. For scientific evidence, the most relevant of the Rules are found in Article VII of the FRE in a section known as Opinions and Expert Testimony. Prior to 1993, some federal appellate courts had applied Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to medical and scientific experts. (Rule 702 authorizes scientific testimony whenever it will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue.) In 1993, in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 US 579, the Supreme Court of the United States issued an important interpretation of Rule 702. Seven of the nine justices ruled that judges must serve as evidentiary gatekeepers who determine whether proffered evidence is scientifically valid and relevant. The Court suggested several factors for judges to consider in determining whether to admit a particular theory or technique Is the theory or hypothesis testable Has it been tested Has the theory or technique been subjected to peer review and publication For a particular scientific technique or methodology, what is the known or potential rate of error What (if any) are the standards that control the technique s operation To what extent is the theory or technique generally accepted in the scientific community ... 

EPA. 1999b. Maximum contaminant levels for beta particle and photon radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in community water systems. US Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 141.16. 

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