Urine antimony

A. Specific levels. Urine antimony levels are normally below 2 mcg/L. Serum and whole-blood levels are not reliable and are no longer used. Urine concentrations correlate poorly with workplace exposure, but exposure to air concentrations greater than the TLV-TWA will increase urinary levels. Urinary antimony is increased after firearm discharge exposure. There is no established toxic antimony level after stibine exposure. 

Delves HT, Sieniawska CE, Fell GS, et al. 1997. Determination of antimony in urine, blood and serum and in liver and lung tissues of infants by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst 122 1323-1329. 

Sodium stibogluconate is a pentavalent antimo-nial compound. It is a prodrug as the pentavalent an-timonial has to be reduced to a divalent antimony compound. Sodium stibogluconate is used to deal leishmaniasis and is only available for adminisda-tion by injection. It is excreted in the urine. In general it is tolerated fairly well. Adverse effects include pain at the injection site and gasdointestinal complaints. Cardiac arrhythmias can occur and renal and hepatic function should be monitored. 

Antimonials are irritating to the intestinal mucosa and therefore are administered by intramuscular or slow intravenous injection. Peak blood concentrations occur in 2 hours. These drugs bind to cells, including erythrocytes, and are found in high concentrations in the liver and spleen. As compared with the trivalent antimonials, which are no longer used, the pentavalent antimonials bind to tissue less strongly. This results in higher blood levels, more rapid excretion, and lowered toxicity. Pentavalent antimonials are rapidly excreted in the urine, with up to one-half of the administered dose excreted in 24 hours. 

It is pentavalent antimonial. It inhibits -SH dependent enzymes and block glycolytic fatty acid oxidation pathways. It is rapidly absorbed after IM injection and excreted unchanged in urine. Used in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. It is given parenterally (20 mg/kg/day IM/IV) for three weeks in cutaneous leishmaniasis and for four weeks in visceral and mucocutaneous disease. 

Lindemann, T., A. Prange, W. Dannecker, and B. Neidhart. 2000. Stability studies of arsenic, selenium, antimony and tellurium species in water, urine, fish and soil extracts using HPLC/ICP-MS. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 368 214-220. 

In 1935, the American Federal Bureau of Investigation pointed out that the test was not specific and had reservations about its use.118 Other evaluations of the technique proved it to be completely unreliable as an indicator of FDR. Common substances such as tobacco, tobacco ash, fertilizers, certain pharmaceuticals, certain paints, and urine also give positive results.119120 In addition a number of oxidizing agents such as chlorates, bromates, iodates, permanganates, chromates, vanadates, molybdates, antimony(V), and ferric salts also give a reaction.121,122 At the Interpol Conference in Paris in 1968 it was officially concluded that the paraffin test should no longer be used.123... 

By December Barlow s condition had begun to decline. His temperature exceeded 103 degrees Fahrenheit, blood and mucus appeared regularly in his urine and stools. He could only sleep with the aid of sedatives. Being the consummate scientist, Barlow frequently examined his own specimens and kept an almost daily record of his clinical and laboratory observations. For example, in tests of his urine he found he was passing up to 12,000 eggs in each 24-hour sample. Barlow was a very sick man, so sick that he was subjected to extremely painful injections of antimony. Treatment with the heavy metal did clear Barlow of the infection by December 1944. In 1948 Barlow received the Medal of Merit from President Truman. He died at the ripe old age of 93. 

There are many examples of relatively straightforward use of ICP-MS for the analysis of biological fluids. Antimony has been measured in blood after a 14 1 dilution [236]. Cesium serum levels were found to be elevated in patients with alcohol dementia but not in Alzheimer s disease patients [237]. Cobalt levels in rat serum depended on the form of cobalt [238] ingested. Bismuth levels were measured in human blood and urine by using a direct injection nebulizer [239]. Lead was measured in the blood and blood plasma of smelter workers and the general population [240]. The measurement of trace elements in serum by ICP-MS has been compared to results from neutron activation analysis and proton-induced x-ray emission [241]. Semiquantitative analysis can also be used to obtain a rapid screening of samples [242]. 

ACGIH TLV TWA 2.5 mg(F)/mh BEL 3 mg/g creatinine of fluorides in urine prior to shift 10 mg/g creatinine of fluorides in urine at end of shift TWA 0.5 mg(Sb)/m NIOSH REL TWA 0.5 mg(Sb)/m3 DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by subcutaneous route. Corrosive to skin and eyes. See also FLUORIDES and ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of F and Sb. 

The polarographic determination of tin has been carried out in various foods the content of bismuth, antimony and arsenic has been measured mainly in blood, urine and tissues (see [3]). 

Most antimony compounds, mainly those with poor water solubility, are absorbed only slowly from the gastrointestinal tracts. Trivalent compounds especially tend to accumulate in the human body, because they are excreted very slowly via urine and feces. Antimony and its compounds react with —SH groups in various cellular constituents, especially in enzymes, blocking their activity. After acute and chronic exposure the highest concentrations are found in liver, kidney, adrenals and thyroid. 

Antimony is excreted in the urine. Peak concentrations are seen at about 1-2 hours after an intramuscular injection of meglumine antimonate. Serum concentrations faU to about 10% of peak concentrations after about 8 hours. There is some accumulation of antimony during continued treatment. On a weight for weight basis children require a higher dose and tolerate antimony better. Toxicity is more likely in patients with impaired renal function, as would be expected for a drug that is mainly excreted in the urine. 

Normally, antimony is absorbed slowly when ingested or administered orally. Many antimony compounds are gastrointestinal irritants. The emetic antimony potassium tartrate is easily absorbed and, within 24 h, 50% is excreted in the urine (hamsters). Antimony can concentrate in lung tissue, the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the kidneys, and the liver. The trivalent compounds of antimony concentrate in the red blood cells and liver and the pentavalent compounds concentrate in the blood plasma. Both forms are excreted in feces and urine, but generally. 

Presumably by reacting with the sulfhydryl groups, antimony can inhibit oxidative and phosphorylating enzymes like monoamine oxidase, succinoxidase, pyruvate brain oxidase, and phosphoftuctokinase. Inhibition of these enzymes can alter activities such as glucose metabolism and nerve transmission. Ten percent of the trivalent form is excreted by the kidney in 24 h 50-60% of the pentavelent form is found in the urine within 24 h. 

The heavy-metal chelating properties of thiols were taken advantage of in the design of dimercaprol ( British Anti-Lewisite, BAL) as counter poison of the arsenical war gas lewisite (Figure 20.43). Today dimercaprol is used to treat poisoning by compounds of gold, mercury, antimony and arsenic. The toxic nature of the heavy metals is masked and chelate is stable enough to be excreted as such in the urine. 

The Rhodamine B method has been used for determining thallium in foods and minerals [22], zinc and cadmium [57] and lead [17]. The Brilliant Green has been utilized for determining thallium in sea water [58], urine [23], waters, sewage, and ores [59], cadmium [27,60], antimony [27], and indium [5]. 

Fig. 2. A typical 20 X 20 cm thia-layer chromatography plate for the assay of the following compounds in infant urine A, pregnenolone B, DHA C, unknown D, 21-OH-pregnenolone E, androstenediol F, 16-oxo-androstenediol G, 16a-OH-DHA H, 16,8-OH-DHA I, 16a-OH-pregnenolone. The position of androstenetriol (not assayed) is shown at J. Samples of 16a-OH-DHA were run in positions 1 (1J25 gg), B (3.75 /xg), and 7 (5.0 /xg). Samples (2A jig) of all the steroids measured (except for the unknown and 16/8-OH-DHA) were run in position S. Duplicate extracts of urines collected from the same baby on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of life were run in positions 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10. The plate was sprayed with antimony trichloride then heated. From Shackleton and Mitchell (S9).

Most authors report higher tissue concentrations of antimony in the liver, kidney, and thyroid shortly after administration of antimony potassium tartrate to animals (Brady 1945, Westrick 1953). Unlike arsenic, inorganic trivalent antimony is not methylated in vivo but is excreted in the bile and urine after conjugation with glutathione... 

Most of a single dose of sodium stibogluconate is excreted in the urine within 24 hours. The agent is absorbed rapidly, distributed in an apparent volume of -0.22 L/kg, and eliminated in two phases. The first has a short tj 2 hours, and the second is much slower. The prolonged terminal elimination phase (tj, = 33-76 hours) may reflect conversion of the pentavalent antimonial (Sb +) to the more toxic tiivalent (Sb +) form that is slowly released from tissues. 

ANTIMONY AUUICHALCUM BRASS SOAP SULPHUR SUN URINE... 

Unequivocal evidence for in vivo antimony biomethylation by humans has not been found, although methylantimony species have been detected in very low abundance in human urine. Administration of antimony tichloride to rats has been reported to completely inhibit the biomethylation of arsenic by rat liver cytosol, but there was no evidence of antimony biomethylation in vivo ... 

Arsenic, copper, antimony, chromium, mercury, selenium and zinc were concentrated in the precipitate upon storage of acidified urine for 2 days, whereas manganese, cobalt, caesium and rubidium remained in the supernatant fraction (Cornelis et al., 1975). 

Antimony can be determined in blood and urine using simple STPF conditions. The presence of large amounts of Fe produces an interference in the determination of Sb at 217.6 nm using continuum correction (Fernandez and Giddings, 1982) and this will probably cause a small error for Sb in blood. The problem is avoided by using Zeeman background correction. Palladium alone, or with Mg(N03)2. has been found (Schlemmer and Welz, 1986) to be an effective modifier for Sb. Early furnace papers determining Sb in blood and urine found a variety of interferences that required separation of the matrix by extraction prior to deposition of the extract in the furnace. The use of STPF conditions with Zeeman correction avoids these problems. 

Antimony, by itself, cannot produce any effect upon the human stem, but only as a salt capable of being decomposed by the fluids of the body, especially in the tartarised form, which,. being the most soluble, has properly superseded other forms. According to Orfila, Flandin, Danger, and Milon, the solutions of antimony salts rapidly permeate the animal system and are readily eliminated with the urine. Under certain circumstances the salts of antimony contained in the solutions are deposited in the tissues, especially in the liver, the spleen, and the kidneys. 

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