Culture and Isolation

The colony characteristics and microscopic morphology used for the identification of dematiaceous fungi are based upon cultures that are approximately 2 weeks old and have been grown at 25 to 30°C on a medium such as potato dextrose agar or cornmeal agar. These media 

When isolates are believed to be S. schenckii, they should be subcultured on an enriched medium such as blood agar to determine whether they are dimorphic that is, whether they grow vegetatively as hyphae at 25°C and as yeast cells at 35°C. The conversion from the mold form to the yeast form is enhanced by incubation of the inoculated medium in a candle jar. 

When temperature studies are conducted, it is important to concurrently incubate an additional tube of medium inoculated with the fungus at 25 °C to ensure viability of the inoculum. For an isolate to be considered dimorphic, only a few cells of its typical tissue form need 

Conidiophores dark, septate, simple or branched. Conidia muriform, obclavate, with a beak, darkly pigmented, in simple or branched acropetal chains. Conidiophores hyaline to chestnut brown, undifferentiated from hyphae. Conidia borne laterally, hyaline, one celled, often producing secondary blastoconidia. 

one- or two-celled, thick-walled arthroconidia commonly present. 

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Davis KER, SJ Joseph, PH Janssen (2005) Effects of growth medium, imoculum size, and incubation time on culturability and isolation of soil bacteria. ZlppZ Environ Microbiol 71 826-835. 

Cultured and isolated cells 8.6.13 Intact tissues and organs... 

Loosening Agents of Tight Junctions and the Time Required for Each of Them to Deplete Transmural TER as Analyzed in Cell Cultures and Isolated Epithelial Tissues... 

Compression testing by micromanipulation has been used to investigate the mechanical properties of tomato cells, both from suspension cultures and isolated single fruit cells. 

Until 1990, when Giovannoni and Ward applied 16S rRNA sequence analysis by extracting community DNA, microbiologists had to rely on plate counts of bacteria which could be cultured and isolated to obtain an idea of the number of bacteria in the sample.43,44 This new approach allowed the study of the remaining 99% of bacteria which could not be isolated by nutrient media and liquid enrichment. 

There has been much work conducted recently in the area of plant cell culture, or phytoproduction, especially where the product is a plant-unique mixture of Individual flavor substances such as vanilla extract of which vanillin is the major component. As well, the possibility of genetically engineering improved varieties of plants for high yield and consistent quality products is of considerable interest especially for more complex plant-unique flavors. Many flavor compounds are secondary metabolites for which a detailed understanding of their production is not well understood. Presently more knowledge exists In microbial metabolism relative to plant biosynthetic pathways and therefore has resulted in more successful development of microbial-based flavor bioprocessing. As well, scale-up of microbial cultures and isolated enzymes has become relatively common practice while the translation of plant cell culture to large commercial scales is not yet well established. This review will focus on the microbial whole cell and isolated enzyme systems for flavor production. 

Laboratory diagnosis is based on stool culture and isolation of salmonella serotype. Blood culture may be also positive in bacteremic phase. For typhoid fever, the Widal test is used to measure antibodies against O and H antigens S. Typhi. 

Apart from the asymmetric metal catalysis, enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations mediated by enzymes have been known for some time [32,33,34]. Both whole-cell cultures and isolated enzymes, usually flavin-dependent monooxygenases, can be used to oxidize ketones enantioselectively. For future improvements in the asymmetric Baeyer-VilHger oxidation the use of chiral Lewis acids in combination with an appropriate oxidant seems worthy of intensive investigation. 

Resveratrol oligomers have been obtained from a wide variety of plants (Table (1)). These compounds have been isolated primarily from the roots, wood, and bark however, they have occasionally been extracted from the seeds, fruits, and leaves of some species. In addition, a resveratrol oligomer has been obtained from a plant cell culture. Other resveratrol oligomers have also been obtained following the incubation of 1 with fungal cultures and isolated enzyme systems. 

With FAB, TOP, MALDI, ESI-MS, field desorption (FD) MS and GC-MS technique the analytical capabilities for non-ionic gemini surfactants were compared [157]. Parees et al. reported on the analysis of a series of oligomeric ethoxylated surfactants of this type which showed an improved surface activity. Even an antibacterial lipopeptide biosurfactant, lichenysin A, cultured and isolated, was analysed by EAB-MS and EAB-MS/MS, ESI-MS and various other methods [158]. The compound was characterised and the lipid moiety contained a mixture of 14 linear and branched P-hydroxy fatty acids from C12 to C17. 

FIGURE 2.5 In silica natural product discovery. Genome seannlng identified a type I polyketide synthetase in Streptomyces azuinensis, and the structure of the secondary metabolite produced was predicted. This was then verified by culture and isolation of the compound. 

ML-236B does not have antibiotic activity on many strains of actinomycetes and bacteria. Therefore, identified cultures and isolates of these unaffected strains from soil sanqiles were tested for their ability to hydroxylate ML-236B-... 

In spite of the recent development of DNA based methods, microbiota development and characterization in the human host still rests largely on the culture-based assessment pioneered by Japanese researchers. The identification of different microbial species and strains has been dependent on microbial characterization, which is usually based on limited phenotypic properties and the metabolic activity of the microbes, for example, sugar fermentation profiles. There are several bacteria, however, that cannot be cultured and isolated or identified by the traditional methods. The culture technique as used in microbial assessments of feces is also hindered by the fact that microbes in the feces will mainly... 

Loader, J.I., Hawkes, A.D., Beuzenberg, V., Jensen, D.J., Cooney, J.M., Wilkms, A.L., Fitzgerald, J.M., Briggs, L.R., and Miles, C.O. (2007) Convenient large-scale purification of yessotoxin from Protoceratium reticulatum. Culture and isolation of furanoyessotoxin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55,11093-11100. 

Routine culture and isolation of bacterial isolates on artificial media and identification using biochemical reactions on unique substrates. 

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