Vinyl upholstery

Indoor exposure assessments can be more complex than outdoor assessments. The indoor assessments are often complicated by the fact that pesticide application methods and their placement within the indoor environments are very diverse and include, for example, crack and crevice treatment, carpet treatment, room loggers, moth repellents, residual termiticides, disinfectants and pet products. This diversity also means that potential human contact with the residues may range from a low probability (crack and crevice treatment) to a higher probability (indoor broadcast treatment such as an indoor total release logger) because of the nature of the application and the variability in activities that may bring individuals in contact with treated areas. Furthermore, the varied characteristics of the source (e.g. formulation type, application methods, room of application and duration of emission) and the indoor residential environment (e.g. room size, air exchange rates, temperature and types of surfaces, such as carpet, upholstery, vinyl, etc.) significantly influence exposure pofenfial. 

Shower curtains, vinyl upholstery, vinyl floor tile... 

Aryl Phosphates. Aryl phosphates were introduced into commercial use early in the twentieth century for flammable plastics such as cellulose nitrate and later for cellulose acetate. CeUulosics are a significant area of use but are exceeded now by plastici2ed vinyls (93—95). Principal appHcations are in wire and cable insulation, coimectors, automotive interiors, vinyl moisture barriers, plastic greenhouses (Japan), furniture upholstery, conveyer belts (especially in mining), and vinyl foams. 

In the second quarter of the twentieth century, with the development of poly(vinyl chloride), nylon, polyurethane, and other polymers, many new and improved leather-like materials, so-called coated fabrics (qv), were placed on the market. Shortages of leather after World War 11 led to the expansion of these leather-like materials ("man-made" leathers) to replace leather in shoes, clothing, bags, upholstery, and other items. DurabiUty and waterproof quahties superior to leather made coated fabrics advantageous, in spite of imperfection in breathabihty and flexibiUty. Demands for shoes, clothing, and other items are stiU increasing due to growing world population and urbanization. 

Uses. Phthabc anhydride is used mainly in plasticizers, unsaturated polyesters, and alkyd resins (qv). PhthaUc plasticizers consume 54% of the phthahc anhydride in the United States (33). The plasticizers (qv) are used mainly with poly(vinyl chloride) to produce flexible sheet such as wallpaper and upholstery fabric from normally rigid polymers. The plasticizers are of two types diesters of the same monohydric alcohol such as dibutyl phthalate, or mixed esters of two monohydric alcohols. The largest-volume plasticizer is di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [117-81-7] which is known commercially as dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and is the base to which other plasticizers are compared. The important phthahc acid esters and thek physical properties are Hsted in Table 12. The demand for phthahc acid in plasticizers is naturally tied to the growth of the flexible poly(vinyl chloride) market which is large and has been growing steadily. 

Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are used to prime-coat fabrics to improve the adhesion of subsequent coatings or to make them adhere better to plastic film. Plasticized emulsions are appHed, generally by roUer-coating, to the backs of finished mgs and carpets to bind the tufts in place and to impart stiffness and hand. For upholstery fabrics woven from colored yams, PVAc emulsions may be used to bind the tufts of pile fabrics or to prevent sHppage of synthetic yams. 

Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are used in bookbinding, milk cartons, envelopes, and automobile upholstery. 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is widely used as a plasticizer in flexible vinyl products. Plastics may contain from 1 to 40% di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by weight and are used in consumer products such as imitation leather, rainwear, footwear, upholstery, flooring, wire and cable, tablecloths, shower curtains, food packaging materials and children s... 

Applications. Furniture and minor vehicle upholstery is the largest market for flexible vinyl foams. Because of better aesthetics (leather-like plastics), comfort, and favorable pricing, they are expected to show good... 

Poly(vinyl ethyl ether) is soluble in ethanol, acetone and benzene. It is a rubbery product which may be cross-linked by heating with dicumyl peroxide. Polyfvinyl isobutyl ether), has a glass transition temperature of —5°C. It has been used as an adhesive for upholstery, cellophane and adhesive tape. 

An unusually wide variety of products and usages are possible with plasticized vinyls. Typical applications include floor and wall coverings, boots, rainwear, jackets, upholstery, garden hose, electrical insulation, film and sheeting, foams and many others. 

These polymers commonly are described as PVC plastics or less specifically as vinyl. They are materials that may be either flexible or rigid according to what they are mixed with, and they are used in the manufacture of many familiar articles such as plastic curtains, rainwear, floor tile, synthetic leather goods, upholstery, table mats, phonograph records, insulation, plastic pipes, tubing, and packaging materials. 

The Declining Market for Linear Phthalates in Automotive Upholstery. The major market for linear phthalates has historically been automotive upholstery. However, the U.S. built share of the automotive market has continued to decline, and the trend (now a landslide) to smaller cars has resulted in a sharp decrease in demand for domestic vinyl upholstery. Besides this, fashion trends have turned to increased use of non-vinyl upholstery. Finally, the use of softer vinyls with higher plasticizer levels means increased opportunities in the automotive upholstery market for diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP). DIDP meets the low temperature requirements of these new softer vinyls, and at the same time offers reduced windshield fogging and lower cost on a... 

A copolymer of vinyl chloride with vinyli-dene chloride was used for a number of years to produce melt-spun, heavy monofilaments, which found use in heavy fabrics, where the chemical inertness of the polymer was needed, in outdoor furniture, and in upholstery for seats in public-transportation vehicles. 

Flexible PVC foams are generally laminated to layers of cloth and/or solid vinyl, and used for leatherlike clothing and luggage, upholstery in autos and furniture, and resilient flooring. They are made by polymerizing... 

Soft, very flexible vinyl foams used for garment insulation, upholstery and similar applications are made by this CBA process. The more rigid foams used as underlays for rugs and flooring can also be made by this method, but require different plastics and lower plasticizer contents. Open-cell chemically blown vinyl foams generally have densities in the range of 5 to 30 lb/ft3. 

The typical end-use product and application method chosen as representative of the extreme-case exposure scenario must be used to attain the highest permissible rate allowed by label directions. Sampling for indoor residues should consider all potential sites where appreciable residues are expected and are accessible. For instance, dermal contact may come from exposure to the pesticide as a residue on carpets, vinyl tile, upholstery and counter tops, while airborne residue (vapor- or particle-phase) may provide the source of inhalation exposure. The measurements taken are linked specifically to the method of application. 

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