Unsaturated fatty acids chemical composition

The chemical composition of morama milk is indicated in Table 5.11 and it is compared with soymilk and dairy milk (Mpotokwane et ah, 2007). Morama milk has 6% total solids compared with 10% for soymilk and 12% for dairy milk. The morama milk solids include protein, which is about 1.5%, fat is 3.1%, carbohydrates is 1.1%, and ash is 0.2%. It has high levels of sodium (47.9 mg/100 g) and iron (3.7 mg/100 g) compared with the other two milks but much lower calcium (6.8 mg/1000 g). The proportion of unsaturated fatty acid in morama milk is significantly higher than in soymilk and dairy milk (Jackson et al., 2009). 

Many of the tests described involve physical properties such as refractive index, viscosity or melting point of the fat, of the fatty acids or of the lead salts of the fatty acids. However, there were also many chemical tests such as Reichert, Polenske, iodine, saponification and acetyl values. These all gave information as to the composition of the fat, some information as to fatty acid composition, others as to other non-glyceride components of the fat. Thus the iodine value is a measure of unsaturated fatty acids in the fat, now obtainable in more detail from a fatty acid profile. Similarly the Reichert value is a measure of volatile fatty acids soluble in water. For most purposes this means butyric acid, and so the modem equivalent is the determination of butyric acid in the oil. The modem method for milk-fat analysis is thus carrying out the analysis in a similar way to the Reichert determination, but uses a technique that is less dependent on the exact conditions of the analysis and is thus less likely to be subject to operator error. The Reichert value could be useful, in theory, even if milk fat was not present. Lewkowitsch notes that some other oils do give high values. Porpoise jaw oil has a value almost twice that of milk fat, while some other oils also have significant values. It is unlikely that one would have come across much porpoise jaw oil even in 1904, and even less likely today. 

Chemically it can be defined as l,3-bis(OT-3-phosphatidyl)-,v -glycerol. A particularly fascinating feature of this molecule is its fatty acid composition. In many preparations, linoleic acid (18 2) can represent as much as 90 mol %, with the remainder being composed largely of oleic acid (18 1) and pal-mitoleic acid (16 1). It is not uncommon for cardiolipin samples to contain 95-98 mol % unsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic acid being the major constituent. 

Rose, Rosa canina L., also known as dogberry or hop fruit, is in the Rosaceae family. The fruit of this particular species of rose is generally used to prepare a stew. The seeds from Rosa canina L. were investigated for their chemical composition and nutritional values for medicinal purposes. Seed oils were prepared from fruits grown at three locations in Turkey and evaluated for their fatty acid composition (31). Linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid detected, which ranged from 48.6-54.4% of total fatty acids, followed by a-linolenic acid (16.4-18.4%) and oleic acid (14.7-18.4%) (Table 4). The seed oil contained approximately 85% total unsaturated fatty acids, indicating that Rosa canina L. seed oil may be an excellent source for unsaturated and essential fatty acids. 

Onion Allium cepa) seeds contained about 23.6% crude fat. The seed oil was analyzed for its chemical composition. The onion seed oil contained 44.6% linoieic acid and 34.3% oleic acid (Table 6) (38). The total unsaturated fatty acids comprised of 79% of the oil. A greater concentration of linoieic acid was determined in the cold-pressed onion seed oil obtained from Botanical Oil Co. (Spooner, Wl). Linoieic acid accounted for 63.7% of total fatty acids, and oleic acid ranged from 26.7-30.1%. The total unsaturated fatty acids were about 90% (3). In summary, onion seed oil may serve as a dietary source of essential n-6 fatty acid and oleic acid. 

Soon after harvest, tree nuts, because of their high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, may undergo development of oxidative rancidity. This leads to the formation of undesirable rancid flavors and a decline in both unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) and natural antioxidants (e.g., tocopherols) [63]. The postharvest stability and sensory quality of tree nuts are influenced by several factors such as chemical composition (e.g., fatty acid composition and presence of antioxidants such as tocopherols), moisture content, oxygen concentration, and temperature, among others. There is some evidence that lipid oxidation is at least in part due to the action of oxidative enzymes, such as lipoxygenases. This is supported by the fact that mild to moderate heat treatment of some nuts, such as pecan, retards the development of rancid flavors during storage [64,65]. Nevertheless, mild oxidation is probably necessary for the development of the characteristic volatile flavor components of natural tree nuts [63], In addition to the Upid oxidation volatiles, some other compounds, such as terpenes, lactones, and short-chain volatile acids, may impact the aroma profiles of some types of natural flee nuts. 

Baker s yeast is also a common feed. However, yeast contains less highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), which results in rotifers with inferior nutritional quahty for the larvae compared to microalgae fed rotifers (Con-geicao et /., 2010). This is especially important for marine larvae as marine fish are not able to synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa-hexaenoic acid DHA themselves from linolenic acid (for a review see Tocher, 2010). The nutritional composition of the rotifers can be adjusted through enrichment (i.e. inclusion of specific nutrients/chemicals essential to the larvae). There are many formulated feeds on the market that are... 

Tung oil is a mixture of triglycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Table II shows its chemical composition. 

HSl may lead to more specific chemical analysis in meat products. Since both the fat content and fatty acid composition are important in evaluating the quality of beef, Kobayashi et al. [68, 69] proposed to map not only fat but also fat components such as unsaturated fatty acids and oleic acids using a custom-made NIR imager using three rotating filters in the 1300 - 2200 nm range. The three filter instruments performed well as a classical HSl. 

Thus is due to the fact that enzyme reactions depend on the chemical composition of the lipid-matrix. Since the investigated membrane phosjholipids in the yellow-white leaves of the mutants contain considerably less unsaturated fatty acids than the phospholipids of normally greened leaves it is obvious to conclude from the presented data, that iso- and anteiso fatty acids increase just as unsaturated fatty acids the fluidity of cell membranes. 

Biosurfactants are classified based on their chemical composition and microbial origin. The chemical structure of biosurfactants contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Amino acids, peptides and polysaccharides can be present as hydrophilic moieties and saturated or unsaturated fatty acids can be present as hydrophobic moieties in the structure. Structure based classification has following major classes of biosurfactants (Guerra-Santos et al., 1987 Kooper and Goldenberg, 1987) (i) Glycolipids (Rhamnolipids, Trehalolipids and Sophorolipids) (ii) Lipopeptide and lipoprotein (iii) Fatty acids, phospholipids and neutral lipids (iv) Pol5mieric biosurfactants, and (v) Particulate biosurfactants. 

Most current studies of biodiesel chemistry, and the detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms derived therefrom, are based on surrogate molecules and mixtures the proxies contain the same or similar chemical functionalities as actual fuels, but are simplified systems designed to isolate particular aspects of the chemistry or behavior. Biodiesels in current use are alkyl esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with hpid chain lengths that range from about C14 to C22 (most typically C16 to C18), with the chemical composition varying from oil to oil. The surrogates used in the models are often smaller saturated and unsaturated lipids such as MB (and methyl butenoate), methyl hexanoate, or MD (and methyl decenoate). 

Measurement of Unsaturation. The presence of double bonds in a fatty acid side chain can be detected chemically or through use of instmmentation. Iodine value (IV) (74) is a measure of extent of the reaction of iodine with double bonds the higher the IV, the more unsaturated the oil. IV may also be calculated from fatty acid composition. The cis—trans configuration of double bonds may be deterrnined by infrared (59) or nmr spectroscopy. Naturally occurring oils have methylene-intermpted double bonds that do not absorb in the uv however, conjugated dienes maybe deterrnined in an appropriate solvent at 233 nm. 

Wood contains a small proportion (usually less than 5%) of components which are extractable by organic solvents such as ethanol or dichloromethane. The proportion of these extractives varies in hardwoods and softwoods and also between species. Although many of these substances are removed during the chemical pulping process, some may still be retained in the final sheet of paper. Their chemical composition is very varied, and they include alkanes, fatty alcohols and acids (both saturated and unsaturated), glycerol esters, waxes, resin acids, terpene and phenolic components. The proportion which remains in pulp and paper depends upon the pulping process used. In general, acidic components such as the resin and fatty acids are relatively easily removed by alkali by conversion to their soluble... 

In contrast to the other large cats, the urine of the cheetah, A. jubatus, is practically odorless to the human nose. An analysis of the organic material from cheetah urine showed that diglycerides, triglycerides, and free sterols are possibly present in the urine and that it contains some of the C2-C8 fatty acids [95], while aldehydes and ketones that are prominent in tiger and leopard urine [96] are absent from cheetah urine. A recent study [97] of the chemical composition of the urine of cheetah in their natural habitat and in captivity has shown that volatile hydrocarbons, aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated cyclic and acyclic ketones, carboxylic acids and short-chain ethers are compound classes represented in minute quantities by more than one member in the urine of this animal. Traces of 2-acetylfuran, acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfone, formanilide, and larger quantities of urea and elemental sulfur were also present in the urine of this animal. Sulfur was found in all the urine samples collected from male cheetah in captivity in South Africa and from wild cheetah in Namibia. Only one organosulfur compound, dimethyl disulfide, is present in the urine at such a low concentration that it is not detectable by humans [97]. 

The chemical composition of camauba wax comprises 84 -85% of alkyl esters of higher fatty adds. Of these esters only 8-9% (wax basis) are simple esters of normal acids. The other esters are acid esters 8-9%, diesteis 19-21%, and esters of hydroxylated acids 50-53% (was basis) of which about one-third are unsaturated. It is the hydroxylated saturated esters that give camauba its extreme hardness, whereas the esters of the hydroxylated linsatiiraled fatty adds produce the outstanding luster to polishes. 

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