Surrogate molecule

G. Beadie, J. Reintjes, M. Bashkansky, T. Opatrny and M.O. Scully, Towards a FAST-CARS anthrax detector CARS generation in a DPA surrogate molecule, J. Mod. Opt., 50 (2003) 2361-2368. 

The scope of the toxicity studies when surrogate molecules have been used includes pharmacology studies, subchronic and chronic studies, reproductive toxicity studies, immunotoxicity studies, and even carcinogenicity studies. Short-term assays like safety pharmacology studies are too short for there to be an antisense effect, so we have not used the surrogate approach in these assays. However, when safety pharmacology endpoints are included in subchronic or chronic studies, surrogates are assessed. 

Immunotoxicity testing of biopharmaceuticals can be very challenging, since rarely can the clinical drug candidate be tested in the standard rodent models. These assays are either conducted (when appropriate) in NHPs or in a rodent with a surrogate molecule, or in a rodent with the target knocked-out or overexpressed. All of these options have their own issues and caveats which pres-... 

An important objective has been the development of ammonia surrogates , molecules that can be coupled to yield primary amines. One way is to use secondary amines bearing groups such as allyl (Scheme 2.162)... 

Most current studies of biodiesel chemistry, and the detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms derived therefrom, are based on surrogate molecules and mixtures the proxies contain the same or similar chemical functionalities as actual fuels, but are simplified systems designed to isolate particular aspects of the chemistry or behavior. Biodiesels in current use are alkyl esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with hpid chain lengths that range from about C14 to C22 (most typically C16 to C18), with the chemical composition varying from oil to oil. The surrogates used in the models are often smaller saturated and unsaturated lipids such as MB (and methyl butenoate), methyl hexanoate, or MD (and methyl decenoate). 

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