United States trends

Hollowell G, Norman W, Staehling W, et al. 1998. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications Iodine excretion data from national health and nutrition examination surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(10) 3401-3408. 

Kaddad, J, G, (1996), Seasonal diminution of vitamin D stores in the United States. Trends Erti/ocrf/ioJ. Meiab. 7, 209-212. 

Pesticide Usage in the United States Trends During the 20th Century, Center for Integrated Pest Management,... 

The per capita consumption of rice in the United States has doubled since 1960 to approximately 10 kg in 1989. Over the last decade U.S. rice consumption has benefited from a growing trend in U.S. diets away from high fat animal products and toward grain-based foods. Many health groups encourage use of the complex carbohydrates found in grain products such as rice. Also, increases in the Asian and Hispanic segments of the U.S. 

Caustic Soda to Chlorine Balance. In 1988, the ratio of U.S. caustic soda to chlorine consumption was 0.96 1 (see Fig. 39). Since 1968 this ratio has ranged from alow of 0.88 1 (1978 and 1981) to a high of 0.98 1 (1969). No single factor can explain these variations, since caustic soda and chlorine, with few exceptions, have different markets and are therefore not driven by the same economic forces. This ratio is expected to trend upward over the next five years, however, since caustic soda consumption in the United States is forecasted to grow somewhat faster than chlorine consumption. It is expected that this ratio will remain within the range experienced in 1970—1990. Because caustic soda is co-produced with chlorine at a theoretical ratio of 1.1 1, a U.S. consumption ratio below that level results in excess avaHabihty of caustic soda. This material is typically shipped offshore to fill a significant export demand, and in 1988, for example, net U.S. exports of caustic soda amounted to 7.1% of production. 

The Opiates. The International Narcotics Control Board—Vienna, tracks the tick production of narcotic dmgs and annually estimates world requkements for the United Nations. Thek most recent pubHcation (100) points out that more than 95% of the opium for Hcit medical and scientific purposes is produced by India and, in a declining trend, only about 600 t was utilized in 1988. This trend appears to be due to the fact that the United States, the largest user of opium for alkaloid extraction, reduced the amount of opium being imported from about 440 t in 1986 to 249 t in 1987 and 224 t in 1988. The United States used about 48 t of morphine (2, R = H) in 1988, most (about 90%) being converted to codeine (2, R = CH3) and the remainder being used for oral adrninistration to the terminally ill (about 2 t) and for conversion to other materials of minor commercial import which, while clearly alkaloid-derived, are not naturally occurring. 

The routes by which mineral phosphates are processed into finished fertilizers are outlined in Eigure 7. World and U.S. trends in the types of products produced are shown in Eigures 8 and 9, respectively. Most notable in both instances is the large, steady increase in the importance of monoammonium and diammonium phosphates as finished phosphate fertilizers at the expense of ordinary superphosphate, and to some extent at the expense of triple superphosphate. In the United States, about 65% of the total phosphate appHed is now in the form of granular ammonium phosphates, and additional amounts of ammonium phosphates are appHed as integral parts of granulated mixtures and fluid fertilizers. 

Textiles. A unique combination of desirable quaUties and low cost accounts for the demand for acetate ia textiles. In the United States, acetate and triacetate fibers are used ia tricot-knitting and woven constmctions, with each accounting for approximately half the total volume. This distribution changes slightly according to market trends. The main markets are women s apparel, eg, dresses, blouses, lingerie, robes, housecoats, ribbons, and decorative household appHcations, eg, draperies, bedspreads, and ensembles. Acetate has replaced rayon filament ia liner fabrics for men s suits and has been evaluated for nonwoven fabrics (79—81). 

United States Imports of Spices and Oleoresins. The consumption of spices has continued to increase in the United States into 1993 (7). The demand for ethnic foods, and the trend toward less salt, glycerides, and fat, has stimulated more spice and condiment use. The United States consumes approximately 25% of the spices produced in the world. In 1993, imports accounted for about 65% of U.S. seasoning needs compared to 80% in the early 1980s. In 1991 approximately 50% by value of U.S. imported spices entered New York, the principal port of entry around 1983 more than 75% was imported through this port. The volume of spices and oleoresins (spice extracts) into the United States has been increasing steadily, but the value of imports has varied because of specific shortages and large price variations (Table 1). 

Market Trends of the 1990s. The United States spice market can be divided into three sectors based on appHcation industrial, ie, food processing and manufacture institutional, ie, restaurants, hospitals, schools, and military and retail. The food manufacturers and institutions account for almost 65% of U.S. spice usage, an increase from about 40% in the 1980s. Retail food outiets make up most of the remainder. 

Trends in commercial fuel, eg, fossd fuel, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, production and consumption in the United States and in the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, are shown in Tables 2 and 3. These trends indicate (6,13) (/) a significant resurgence in the production and use of coal throughout the U.S. economy (2) a continued decline in the domestic U.S. production of cmde oil and natural gas lea ding to increased imports of these hydrocarbons (qv) and (J) a continued trend of energy conservation, expressed in terms of energy consumed per... 

Economic Aspects. The 1992 MEK nameplate capacity for the United States, East Asia, and Western Europe is Hsted in Table 5. During the period 1980—1989 MEK achieved a negative growth rate as demand dropped from 311,000 (48) to 228, 000 t/yr (49). Stricter VOC regulations were largely responsible for the decline, and the trend will continue as solvent recovery and recycling, as well as substitution away from MEK, take effect. 

Secondary lead production made up over 70% of the lead produced in the United States in 1992 vs 54% in 1980. The amount of secondary lead produced was 698 X 10 t in 1988, 888 x 10 t in 1990, and 878 x 10 t in 1992. Of the 1.2 x 10 t of lead consumed in the United States in 1992, approximately 880,000 t were produced from the recycling of lead—acid batteries and 350,000 t from primary sources. A similar trend exists worldwide. In 1992, for the first time, slightly over half (51%) of the lead produced in the world came from secondary sources. 

Fig. 19. Trends in the lead industry in the United States (—), total consumption (-), total production and (-), secondary production. The...

Economic Aspects. When trimellitic anhydride was introduced in semicommercial quantities in 1962, it was priced at 1.19/kg. The price was reduced to 0.55/kg as it became available in commercial quantities in 1968. The mid-1994 price was quoted as 2.31/kg from Amoco, fob, the JoHet, Illinois plant. A price history is given in Table 32. Although trimellitic anhydride production and sales figures are not available, the pubUshed U.S. Tariff Commission s production data for trimeUitate esters provides data for the trimellitic anhydride demand trend in the United States, since the largest single use of trimellitic anhydride is for the trimeUitate esters (115). These data are given in Table 32. 

On a worldwide basis the printing industry ranks as number four in manufacturing employment. Over 4.5 million people ate employed at mote than 350 thousand sites. In the United States, 1993 employment exceeded 1.5 million, an increase of over 180 thousand jobs in the period of 1982—1993. Similar growth in employment is being experienced worldwide. Table 1 shows industry trends in the United States, which ate typical of those worldwide. These do not include revenues from packaging or office copying. 

Natural-draft cooling towers are extremely sensitive to air-inlet conditions owing to the effects on draft. It can rapidly be estabUshed from these approximate equations that as the air-inlet temperature approaches the water-inlet temperature, the allowable heat load decreases rapidly. For this reason, natural-draft towers are unsuitable in many regions of the United States. Figure 10 shows the effect of air-inlet temperature on the allowable heat load of a natural-draft tower for some arbitrary numerical values and inlet rh of 50%. The trend is typical. 

Chromatographic separation of diluted molasses streams into a high purity fraction suitable for concentration and crystallization and a second low purity by-product, which can be concentrated and sold as an animal feed product, has been employed in Finland since the 1970s and in the United States since the mid-1980s. Since the early 1990s, production of sugar from beet molasses has almost tripled, and the trend is expected to continue for the next two years to consume most of the domestic beet molasses (Fig. 7) (3,9). 

Historically, consumption of sulfuric acid has been a good measure of a country s degree of iadustrialization and also a good iadicator of general busiaess conditions. This is far less vaUd ia the 1990s, because of the heavy sulfuric acid usage by the phosphate fertilizer iadustry. Of total U.S. sulfuric acid consumption ia 1994 of 42.5 x 10 metric tons, over 70% went iato phosphate fertilizers as compared to 45% ia 1970 and 64% ia 1980 (144). Uses other than fertilizer have grown only slowly or declined. This trend is expected to continue. Production and consumption trends ia the United States are shown ia Tables 9 and 10. 

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