Consumption ratio

Caustic Soda to Chlorine Balance. In 1988, the ratio of U.S. caustic soda to chlorine consumption was 0.96 1 (see Fig. 39). Since 1968 this ratio has ranged from alow of 0.88 1 (1978 and 1981) to a high of 0.98 1 (1969). No single factor can explain these variations, since caustic soda and chlorine, with few exceptions, have different markets and are therefore not driven by the same economic forces. This ratio is expected to trend upward over the next five years, however, since caustic soda consumption in the United States is forecasted to grow somewhat faster than chlorine consumption. It is expected that this ratio will remain within the range experienced in 1970—1990. Because caustic soda is co-produced with chlorine at a theoretical ratio of 1.1 1, a U.S. consumption ratio below that level results in excess avaHabihty of caustic soda. This material is typically shipped offshore to fill a significant export demand, and in 1988, for example, net U.S. exports of caustic soda amounted to 7.1% of production. 

According to this mechanism the value of the consumption ratio... 

Dilution of the reaction mixture with water or acid results in a decrease in the consumption ratio. This result cannot be interpreted by the above mechanism because the induced oxidation depends on the relative and not on the absolute concentrations. But assuming that reaction (109) is reversible we obtain for the consumption ratio... 

If /ciio -109 > or the concentration of the oxidizing agent is high, eqn. (112) reduced to eqn. (111). On the contrary, with a very low concentration of oxidizing agent the consumption ratio becomes dependent on the concentration of the oxidizing agent. 

Figure 4. The ozone consumption ratio for the spontaneous decay of ozone (third term in right hand side of equations (7) and (16)) as a function of r J = CAe/CAi...

The reaction rate is very sensitive to the ratio of hydroxyl to carboxyl end groups, as shown by Figures 4.7 and 4.8. At low carboxyl concentrations, the transesterification reaction will be favoured, while at high carboxyl concentrations the esterification route will be favoured. If the transesterification and esterifications were equal, which they are generally not, then the consumption ratio of end... 

Key to ensuring NSS sustainable development is the production/consumption ratio stated at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002. China is a good example of the consumption dynamics observed in recent decades. Until quite recently China was a country of cyclists. However, a traveler in the 1980s visiting such cities as Beijing and Shanghai will see quite another picture today. In 2002 there were about 2 million cars in China, in 2003 the number increased daily by 11,000, and today the number has exceeded 4 million. In 2007, car sales increased by more than 77%, and by 2015 the expectation is 150 million cars. 

Year E or H fleet size (million) EFleet electricity (TWh) HFleet electricity (TWh) Consumption ratio (HFIt/EFIt)... 

Paraffin to olefin molar ratios for the C3 and Cy fractions are reported in Table I for two sets of runs in which the degree of mass transfer was varied by changing RPM. Even with a CSTR, data on the effect of mass transfer must be Interpreted carefully. An Increase in mass transfer resistance, caused by decreased agitation, causes a drop in conversion. Usually the consumption ratio of H2/CO is different than the feed ratio and hence a drop in conversion is accompanied by a change in the H2/CO ratio in... 

In the first set of runs In Table I, the H2/CO feed ratio exceeds the consumption ratio, 7/12 m 0.58 In the second It Is less than the consumption ratio. In each case, the H2 partial pressure In the reactor Increased with decreased agitation, as conversion dropped. In the absence of mass transfer resistance this would be expected to Increase the P/0 ratio. The fact that the P/0 ratio In both cases Instead decreased is consistent with the postulate that the H- concentration In the liquid has decreased. The corresponding mass transfer resistance K, back-calculated from equation (8), is given at each stirring speed together with the hydrogen and carbon monoxide liquid-phase concentrations that are estimated by equations (6) and (7). 

Equation (11.152) shows the exergetic efficiency 17 in terms of the force ratio x and the degree of coupling q. The ratio Jv/J0 is the conventional phosphate to oxygen consumption ratio P/O. Figure 11.5 shows the change of... 

Takeda, S. (1998). Influence of iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters. Nature 393, llA-111. 

Cape Verde Plateau (18° 27.8 N, 21° 01.5 W), where the oxic layer in the sediments was 6 cm thick. We used a fit to pore-water O2 versus depth data to determine parameters describing O2 consumption. We then multiplied these parameters by the NO J production (O2 consumption ratios from (i) the RKR model and (ii) the A S measurements) and used the result to fit pore-water NO data. The A S ratio yielded a significantly better fit to the data than the RKR model (Figure 3). In addition, the application of the model to the data showed that, in this case, with the oxic decompostion/ denitrification boundary at 6 cm below the sediment-water interface, a plot of pore-water O2 versus NOJ concentrations departed from linearity at 1.6 cm below the interface it would be incorrect to derive the O2 NO ratio for oxic decomposition from a linear fit to these data. 

TABLE 1.6 Proved Reserves-to-Annual Consumption Ratios for Fossil Fuels for Selected Countries and World ... 

Typical temperatures of Shell gasifiers are in the range of 1440-1600 °C. The typical 02 consumption rate of Shell gasifiers is 0.9 kg 02/kg of coal (on a dry, ashfree basis). The ratio of steam consumption to 02 consumption ratio is 0.14. The cold syngas efficiency is -82% and the carbon conversion can reach >99%. The wet syngas compositions (mol %) from the gasification of a Cerrejon coal from Columbia are... 

Stofberg, J. and Grundschober, F. 1987. Consumption ratio and food predominance of flavoring materials. Perfumer Flavorist. 12 27. 

So far the Consumption Ratio has been calculated for close to 350 flavoring substances. 80% of them have a Consumption Ratio of more than 1, and are therefore Food Predominant. 60% even have a Consumption Ratio of over 10, which means that their intake as artificial flavoring materials is insignificant compared to that as ingredients of traditional food. (13)... 

Even though nature-identical does not have a regulatory status in the U.S., the FDA is fully aware of the significance of the Consumption Ratio, and is taking the data into consideration in setting its priorities. 

Average Energy Consumption Ratio Equipment Dimensions... 

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