United Kingdom , safety

This section encompasses a wide range of views on the application of both common law and safety law to situations encountered in museums, and commences with an overview of developments in United Kingdom safety legislation during the past decade. The rest of the section covers the following topics ... 

Under current regulations, chemicals allowed for use in various European countries (Table 3) are either fully Hcensed for aquacultural use (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid) or can be prescribed by veterinarians if they are Hcensed for use on other food animals (14—16). In addition, previously unHcensed chemicals that are appHed to the water (topicals) may now be used under a grandfather clause if no one questions their safety. The question of whether a chemical is a medicine or a pesticide has also been addressed. Eor example, dichlorvos (Nuvan 500 EC) was initially designated as a pesticide in the United Kingdom, but was later categorized as a medicine. A similar product, trichlorfon (Masoten), was treated the same way in the United States. 

HSE References (United Kingdom s Health 8c Safety Executive)... 

In a review of inherent safety awareness and practices in the United Kingdom, Mansfield (1994) reported a general lack of awareness... 

Approved codes of practice (ACOPs) Legislation in the United Kingdom dealing with the safety aspects of dangerous materials. 

In the United Kingdom, the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) and regulations made under it require occupiers to provide a safe plant and system of work and adequate instruction, training, and supervision. In the European community, occupiers of major hazard sites are required to produce a safety case, which describes how hazards have been assessed and are kept under control. Many other countries have similar legislation, though standards of enforcement vary. 

A program of research has been supported for several years by the United Kingdom Health Safety Executive (HSE) to address the effects of sociotechnical factors on risk in the CPI. The initial emphasis of this work was to develop a methodology so that chemical process quantitative risk analysis (CPQRA) would take into accotmt the effects of the quality of the management factors of plant being assessed. This work has been described in a series of publications (e.g., Bellamy et al., 1990 Hurst et al., 1991 Geyer et al., 1990 and Hurst et al., 1992). 

Kirwan, B., Embrey, D. E., Rea, K. (1988). Human Reliability Assessors Guide P. Humphreys (Ed.). Report no. RTS 88/95Q, Safety and Reliability Directorate, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Wigshaw Lane, Culcheth, Warrington, WA3 4NE, England. 

United Kingdom Atomic Energy Agency Safety and Reliability Directorate, Wigshaw Lane Culcheth, Warrington WA3 4NE Authors A.G. Cannon and R.C.E. Lewis... 

Peng MM. Jick H A population-based study of the incidence, cause, and severity of anaphylaxis in the United Kingdom. Arch Intern Med 2004 164 317-319. Bohlke K, Davis RL, DeStefano F. et al Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 536-542. 

This Guideline discusses risk in the context of whether or not the perceived level of risk is tolerable. As noted by the United Kingdom (U.K.) Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (Ref. 46) ... 

In the United Kingdom the use of substances likely to be harmful to employees is covered by regulations issued by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), under the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974 (HSAWA). The principal set of regulations in force is the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations, 2002 known under the acronym the COSHH regulations. The COSHH regulations apply to any hazardous substance in use in any place of work. 

In the United Kingdom this is covered by the Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 (COMAH), set up by the HSE (Health and Safety Executive) to implement the Seveso II directive of the EC (European Union) see www.hse.gov.uk. The COMAH regulations supersede the previous CIMAH (1984) regulations, set up under Seveso I. 

Anonymous. 1987. Lead and inorganic compounds of lead in air. Health and Safety Executive Sales Point, St. Hugh s House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20 3QY, United Kingdom, 4. 

The legislation which sets out, for the United Kingdom, the regulations governing industrial health, safety, welfare, hours of work, reporting of accidents, etc. 

The accident at Flixborough, England, occurred on a Saturday in June 1974. Although it was not reported to any great extent in the United States, it had a major impact on chemical engineering in the United Kingdom. As a result of the accident, safety achieved a much higher priority in that country. 

R. E. Britter and J. McQuaid, Workbook on the Dispersion of Dense Gases (Sheffield, United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive, 1988). 

Historical perspective An analysis of thermal runaways in the United Kingdom (Barton and Nolan, Incidents in the Chemical Industry due to Thermal Bunaway Chemical Reactions, Hazards X Process Safety in Fine and Specialty Chemical Plants, IChem 115 3-18) indicated that such incidents occur because of the following general causes ... 

Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 1995. Out of control, HSE books, United Kingdom. 

In the United Kingdom, the Committee on Safety of Medicines (reporting to the Minister of Health) regulates drug safety and development under the Medicines Act... 

Bakke, O.M., Wardell, W.M. and Lasagna, L. (1984). Drag discontinuations in the United Kingdom and United States, 1964-1983 Issues of safety. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapy 35 559-567. 

The concept of a safety case comes from the requirements of the European Union/European Community (EU/EC) Seveso Directive (82/501/EC) and, in particular, regulations that the United Kingdom and other member states used to implement that directive. United Kingdom regulations (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards [CIMAH], 1984 replaced by Control of Major Accident Hazards Involving Dangerous Substances [COMAH] in 1999) require that major hazardous facilities produce a safety report or safety case.64 The requirement for a safety case is initiated by a list of chemicals and a class of flammables. Like the hazard analysis approach (Section 8.1.2), experts identify the reactive hazards of the process if analysis shows that the proposed process is safe, it may be excluded from additional regulatory requirements. 

Major Hazard Incident Data Service (MHIDAS) Health and Safety Executive, United Kingdom (HSE) Retrieved information... 

It is common for crash investigators to undertake reconstruction of the aircraft wreckage, and this can be exceptionaUy useful in estabhshing the seat of an explosion, if that is what in fact took place. The National Transportation Safety Board in the United States and the United Kingdom Air Accident Investigation Branch have both done some exceptionaUy fine work of this type. 

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