Ultraviolet B

Fluorescent ultraviolet lamps within an apparatus that allows condensation cycles rather than the water spray typical of xenon arc tests have been developed for plastics testing (279). The spectral cutoff wavelength of the lamps used in the apparatus determines the severity of the test. Ultraviolet B (UVB) 313 lamps allow a significant irradiance component below 290 nm, which is normally filtered out by the earth s atmosphere. Ultraviolet A (UVA)... 

KATIYAR s K, ELMETS c A, AGARWAL R and MUKHTAR H (1995) Protection against ultraviolet-B radiation-induced local and systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity and edema responses in C3H/HeN mice by green tea polyphenols , Photochem Photobiol, 62, 855-61. 

UTP Uridine triphosphate UV Ultraviolet UVA Ultraviolet A UVB Ultraviolet B UVR Ultraviolet irradiation UW University of Wisconsin (preserving solution)... 

Nonpharmacologic Therapy Pruritus associated with CKD is difficult to alleviate. It is important to evaluate other potential dermatologic causes of pruritus to maximize the potential for relief. Adequate dialysis is generally the first line of treatment in patients with pruritus. However, this has not been shown to decrease the incidence of pruritus significantly. Maintaining proper nutritional intake, especially with regard to dietary phosphorus and protein intake, may lessen the degree or occurrence of pruritus. Patients who do not attain relief from other measures may benefit from ultraviolet B phototherapy. 

Gonzalez S., Astner S., An W., Goukassian D., and Pathak M. A. (2003). Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin decreases ultraviolet B-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and acute inflammation in hairless mice. J Invest Dermatol 121 399-405. 

Wang ZY, Huang M, Lou Y, Xie J, Reuhl K, Newmark H, Ho C, Yang C and Conney A. 1994. Inhibitory effects of black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, and decaffeinated green tea on ultraviolet B light-induced skin carcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[<3]anthracene-initiated SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res 54(13) 3428-3435. 

Bruggeman, D.J., J.A. Bantle, and C. Goad. 1998. Linking teratogenesis, growth, and DNA photodamage to artificial ultraviolet B radiation in Xenopus laevis larvae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2114-2121. 

Coal tar contains numerous hydrocarbon compounds formed from distillation of bituminous coal. Ultraviolet B (UVB) light-activated coal tar photoadducts with epidermal DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis. This normalized epidermal replication rate reduces plaque elevation. 

JOHN, C.F., MORRIS, K., JORDAN, B.R., Ultraviolet-B exposure leads to up-regulation of senescence-associated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, J. Exp. Bot., 2001, 52, 1367-1373. 

BOCCALANDRO, H.E., MAZZA, C.A., MAZZELLA, M.A., CASAL, J.J., BALLARE, C.L., Ultraviolet B radiation enhances a phytochrome-b-mediated photomorphogenic response in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol., 2001, 2, 780-788. 

BIEZA, K., LOIS, R., An Arabidopsis mutant tolerant to lethal ultraviolet-b levels shows constitutively elevated accumulation of flavonoids and other phenolics, Plant Physiol., 2001,126, 1105-1115. 

Sleijffers, A. et al., Cytokine polymorphisms play a role in susceptibility to ultraviolet B-induced modulation of immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination, J. Immunol., 170, 3423, 2003. 

Stege, H. et al., Enzyme plus light therapy to repair DNA damage in ultraviolet-B-irradiated human skin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1790-1795, 2000. 

El-Ghorr, A. A. and Norval, M., The role of interleukin-4 in ultraviolet B fight-induced immunosuppression, Immunology 92, 26-32, 1997. 

Barber, L. A. et al., Expression of the platelet-activating factor receptor results in enhanced ultraviolet B radiation-induced apoptosis in a human epidermal cell line, J. Biol. Chem. 273, 18891-18897, 1998. 

Hart, P. H. et al., Dermal mast cells determine susceptibility to Ultraviolet B-induced systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses in mice, J. Exp. Med. 187, 2045-2053, 1998. 

Schwarz, A. et al., Interleukin-12 prevents ultraviolet B-induced local immunosuppression and overcomes UVB-induced tolerance, J. Invest. Dermatol. 106, 1187-1191, 1996. 

Feeny PP (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defense. Res Adv Phytochem 10 1—40 Fraenkel GS (1959) The raison d etre of secondary plant substances. Science 129 1466-1470 Franklin LA, Yakovleva I, Karsten U, Liming K (1999) Synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids in Chondrus crispus (Florideophyceae) and the consequences for sensitivity to ultraviolet B radiation. J Phycol 35 682-693... 

Karentz D, Cleaver JE, Mitchell DL (1991) Cell survival characteristics and molecular responses of Antarctic phytoplankton to ultraviolet-B radiation. J Phycol 27 326-341... 

Teramura AH (1983) Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and yield of crop plants. Physiol Plant 58 415-427... 

Xiong F, Komenda J, Kopecky J, Nedbal L (1997) Strategies of ultraviolet-B protection in microscopic algae. Physiol Plant 100 378-38... 

Fumelli C, Marconi A, Salvioli S, Straface E, Malomi W, Offidani AM, Pellicciari R, Schettini G, Giannetti A, Monti D, Franceschi C, Pincelli C (2000) Carboxyfullerenes protect human keratinocytes from ultraviolet-B-induced apoptosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 115 835-841. 

Grimbaldeston MA, Nakae S, Kalesnikoff J. Tsai M, Galli SJ Mast cell-derived interleukin-10 limits skin pathology in contact dermatitis and chronic irradiation with ultraviolet B. Nat Immunol 2007 8 1095-1104. 

Doherty JM, Streilein JW Hapten-specific tolerance induced by acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation of skin requires mast cell degranulation. Eur J Immunol 2001 31 1736-1746. 

Sunscreen preparations tend to contain substances that protect the skin against sunburn caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. UVA rays are associated v/ith long-term skin damage. Sunscreen preparations contain a variety of sun protection factors but not necessarily a factor of 30. 

Any increase in ultraviolet radiation will exacerbate the danger to herbivores. Ozone depletion by 25% leads to an increase of 50% in ultraviolet B over ambient levels (El-Sayed, 1988). Will livestock be drastically affected if levels rise more in the future Will animals be able to shift to nocturnal activity If not, will large portions of the vegetation be rendered useless for domestic stock and wild species or will animals have to be fed indoors Will humans be affected ... 

Persistent photosensitivity developed in eight men after occupational exposure to hot epoxy resin fiimes. The condition was limited to sites contacted by the resin. Small doses of ultraviolet-A light evoked abnormal reactions consisting of erythema, edema, and papules in the clinically involved skin. Positive photopatch tests were observed to epoxy resin in four subjects and to bisphenol A in all subjects. Another study showed that bisphenol A can be released during the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin in the temperature range of 250-350°C. Photosensitizing activity was explained by the formation of ftee radicals during exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation of bisphenol A vapor, to form a semiquinone derivative of bisphenol A ... 

Reeve, V. E., Bosnic, M., and Rozinova, E. (1993b). Carnosine (beta-alanylhistidine) protects from the suppression of contact hypersensitivity by ultraviolet B (280-320nm) radiation or by cis urocanic acid. Immumnology 78, 99-104. 

D2 Ergocalciferol Synthesized in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation (cholecalciferol) 0-3 yr 5-10 pg, dep. exposure to sunlight 4-50 yr 2.5-5 pg, idem 51-70 yr 5-10 pg, idem... 

Cholecalciferol (D3) and its active form 1,25-di-hydroxycholecalciferol are only to a certain extend vitamins because they can be synthesized by the human body. However deficiencies resulting in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults do exist. Cholecalciferol can be synthesized by humans in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation from sunlight, or it can be obtained from the diet. Plants synthesize ergosterol, which is converted to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) by ultraviolet light. Vitamin D2 may be less active in humans. Vitamin D promotes uptake of calcium and phosphate in the intestine and it stimulates osteoclasts to break down hydroxyapatite and release calcium into blood. Vitamin D is discussed in more detail in Chapter 24, Section V.a. 

Acitretin is most useful for the treatment of severe psoriasis, particularly the pustular and erythrodermic variants. Psoriatic nail changes and arthritis also may respond. Combining the drug with ultraviolet light therapy (Re-UVB, in the case of ultraviolet B radiation, or Re-PUVA, with psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation) permits the use of lower doses of both acitretin and ultraviolet radiation. Other conditions for which the drug may be especially useful include congenital and acquired hyperkeratotic disorders, such as the ichthyoses and palmoplantar keratodermas, and severe lichen planus. 

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid-mediated inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced activator protein-1 activation in human keratinocytes. Mol Carcin 2002 34(2) 102-111. 

Reddy, V.S. et al., Ultraviolet-B-responsive anthocyanin production in a rice cultivar is associated with a specific phase of phenylalanine ammonia lyase biosynthesis. Plant Physiol, 105, 1059, 1994. 

Yakimchuk, R. and Hoddinott, J., The influence of ultraviolet-B light and carbon dioxide enrichment on the growth and physiology of seedlings of three conifer species. Can. J. For. Res., 24, 1, 1994. 

Jordan, B.R. et al.. The effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on gene expression and pigment composition in etiolated and green pea leaf tissue UV-B-induced changes are gene-specific and dependent upon the developmental stage. Plant Cell Environ., 17, 45, 1994. 

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