Ultratrace element intake

Anke M (2000) Ultratrace element intake depending on the geological origin of the habitat, time, sex and form of diet. In Seifert M, Langer U, Schafer U and Anke M, eds. Mengen- und Spurenelemente. Author and Element Index 1981-2000, Schubert-Verlag, Leipzig, pp. 11-19. 

Ultratrace Element Intake of Adults with Mixed and Ovolactovegetarian Diets... 

Tab. 4.18 Ultratrace element intake per kg body (BW) weight in dependence of gender and type of diet...

Ultratrace Element Intake Measured by the (Table 4.20). Calculated intakes of vana-... 

The calculation of ultratrace element intakes technique. By contrast, mercu ry and lithium ... 

In adult humans, the form of diet and gender cause significant variations in macro, trace and ultratrace element intake. The intake of inorganic food components can be stated daily on the average of a week, related to the body weight in kg, and also in form of the element concentration in the dry matter consumed. 

The calculation of inorganic food component intake using the basket method generally resulted in an overestimation of element consumption when compared with results obtained with the duplicate portion technique. The results ranged from 4% in the case of sodium to 44% for calcium and iron, 55% for selenium, 66% for chromium, and 240% for mercury and lithium. Hence, basket method should no longer be used to determine macro, trace and ultratrace element intake in humans. 

The multielement capabilities of ICP-MS have also been extensively employed for the characterization of human milk in studies aiming at verifying the reference ranges (RRs) proposed for both essential and harmful elements, and contribute to the establishment of RRs for new (ultratrace) elements [63-65]. Transfer of selected elements from food into human milk [66], changes in milk composition during lactation [67], and adequacy of the intakes of essential trace elements in breast-fed infants [63, 68] are some of the other topics investigated in related studies. For those infants who are not breast-fed, the nutritional... 

The utilization of the macro element calcium is impaired by a high intake of lead, magnesium, aluminum and phytate, that of magnesium by lead, calcium, nickel, and phytate, and that of phosphorus by magnesium, calcium, and phytate. Several experiments in animals have strikingly illustrated the importance of a trace element dietary balance in determining the safe intake of a particular macro, trace or ultratrace element (O Dell 1997, Griin et al. 

Factors which are important for the lowering of human health risks due to mineral deficiency and intoxication are the normative requirements of the macro, trace and ultratrace elements, recommendations for their intake, their apparent absorption and excretion rates, their interactions, tolerance limits for chemicals in food and water, and occupational health standards. 

Tab. 4.15 Requirement and tolerable daily intake of ultratrace elements...

Tab. 4.16 Ultratrace element gender and type of diet intake of ad ults with mixed and ovo lactovegeta rian diet in dependence of ...

The ultratrace element consumption per kg body weight shows that the tolerable daily intakes of humans with mixed and vegetarian diets do not exceed the threshold levels (Table 4.18). There is one exception the arsenic intake of people with mixed... 

The majority of ultratrace elements are metals, and their fecal excretion rate is greater than 50% (Table 4.19). Fecal excretion of lead by people with a mixed diet is astonishingly low (50%), while the apparent absorption rate is very high (40% on average). The daily lead intake of test popula-... 

Intake of Ultratrace Elements Through Animal and Vegetable Foodstuffs and Beverages... 

Thus, the different absorption rates, the effects of other dietary components on the forms of vanadium in the stomach, and the rate of transformation into V appear markedly to affect the proportion of ingested vanadium that is absorbed (Patterson et al. 1986, Chasteen et al. 1986, Wiegman et al. 1982, Hansard etal. 1982b). Studies with humans and an intake of 11 to 39 pg V per day showed renal and lactational excretions of vanadium of approximately 5% and 16%, respectively. The apparent absorption rate varied between 10 and 25% (Table 27.5) (Anke et al. 1998d). Besides the form of vanadium, it is also the quantity of vanadium present that influences the absorption rate of this ultratrace element. 

The quality of the experimental evidence for nutritional essentiality varies widely for the ultratrace elements. The evidence for the essentiality of three elements, iodine, molybdenum and selenium, is substantial and noncontroversial specific biochemical functions have been defined for these elements. The nutritional importance of iodine and selenium are such that they have separate entries in this encyclopedia. Molybdenum, however, is given very little nutritional attention, apparently because a deficiency of this element has not been unequivocally identified in humans other than individuals nourished by total parenteral nutrition or with genetic defects causing disturbances in metabolic pathways involving this element. Specific biochemical functions have not been defined for the other 15 ultratrace elements listed above. Thus, their essentiality is based on circumstantial evidence, which most often is that a dietary deprivation in an animal model results in a suboptimal biological function that is preventable or reversible by an intake of physiological amounts of the element in question. Often the circumstantial evidence includes an identified essential function in a lower form of life, and biochemical actions consistent with a biological role or beneficial action in humans. The circumstantial evidence for essentiality is substantial for arsenic, boron, chromium, nickel, silicon, and vanadium. The evidence for essentiality for the... 

As already mentioned, the ultra trace elements other than selenium and iodine are a disparate group in terms of their possible requirement or nutritional importance for human health and well-being. Although molybdenum has known essential functions, it has no unequivocally identified practical nutritional importance. The other 14 ultratrace elements discussed here have been suggested to be essential based on circumstantial evidence. This evidence is presented below along with some indication of possible requirement (extrapolated from the deficient animal intakes shown in Table 3), and some indication as to what constitutes a high intake. 

The requirements for the ultratrace elements will be met if a person consumes a diet based on the dietary guidelines recommended by. For some areas of the world, especially in developing countries where traditional, monotonous diets are based primarily on a cereal (particularly rice) or tuber staple, the intake of several ultratrace elements (e.g., boron, molybdenum) could possibly be low. Reported typical dietary intakes (mostly for industrialized countries) and rich sources of the ultratrace elements are shown in Table 3. 

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