Macro elemental

The ratios of subscripts in the formula can be determined if the elemental composition of an organism growing under particular conditions is known. A unique cell formula can then be established by relating elemental composition to one gram-atom of carbon, ie 9 = 1, then a, p, and 8 are set so that the formula is consistent with known relative elemental weight content of the cells. The formula can be extended to include other macro-elements, such as phosphate and sulphur, if elemental analysis shows these elements to be a significant proportion of cell material. 

This concept is reported in Figure 2 and it is valid for every Element (E), whether macro element (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc,) or microelement (vitamins, minerals, trace minerals) of nutrition,... 

Rooibos and honeybush also contain essential micro- and macro elements, with the traditional/fermented forms containing lower amoimts of elements than the green Vimfermented forms (28). The levels of Al and Ni in the rooibos and... 

Tab. 4.3 Concentrations of macro elements in an acid gneiss podzol-brown earth of the Tharandt Forest, eastern Ore Mountains in Saxony. Total and with NH4CI extractable element contents. (After Klinger 1995.)...

The macro element content of field red clover and lucerne, both in the bud, grown on 2 rrri correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.39 to 0.84 or a coefficient of determination of 0.15 to 0.70 (Table 6.1). 

With the exception of phosphorus, the macro element contents of field red clover and lucerne differ significantly, which shows the species-specific concentration of most macro elements. The same is true for their trace element content with the excep-... 

The comparison of the macro element contents of shooting wheat, rye in blossom and field red clover in bud shows similar results as field red clover and lucerne (Table 6.3). 

Wheat and rye accumulated significantly lower amounts of ash and macro elements than field red clover. Shooting wheat and rye contained significantly different ash and potassium concentrations only. With the exception of their sodium concentration, all macro elements of both cereals correlated... 

Tab. 6.3 The macro element contents of green wheat, green rye and field red clover (g kg dry matter) grown together on 1 m, and their correlations (Anke 2003)...

The correlation of the trace elements in the indicator plants is much higher than that of the macro elements contained in the fertilizers (Table 6.6). 

On average, the ash and macro element contents of the tested monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species decreased from the end of April to the middle of... 

June by one third (Table 6.8). The uptake of the macro elements by the flora goes ahead of the substance growth by assimilation. With increasing age of the plants, the macroelements are diluted, with the changing proportion of leaves to stem and flowers influencing this process (Graupe et al. 1960). The leguminous plants decrease their contents of the alkaline earth elements (Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr) only slowly (Tables 6.8-6.10), if at all. The phosphorus, sodium,... 

Tab. 6.8 The ash and macro element contents of several plant species as a function of plant age (g kg" dry matter) (n = 32) (Anke et al. 1994)...

The influence of the geological origin on agriculturally and horticulturally used fertilized soils on the macro element content of the vegetation is smaller than on their heavy metal, light metal, and nonmetal contents. The concentrations of the indicator plants from 13 different soils varied by a mere 17% for calcium, by 15% for phospho-... 

Three groups of essential mineral elements can be distinguished (Table 3.1). For convention and historical reasons, the elements are divided into macro, trace, and ultratrace elements. The animals requirement for macro elements is > 100 mg kg of food DM (dry matter), while that for trace and ultratrace... 

The many mineral interactions which influence the safe dietary levels of essential and toxic elements are partly represented in Figure 3.2. While interactions involving dietary elements may be either detrimental or beneficial, the major concern is that an antagonistic element may induce a deficiency of its counterpart nutrient whose concentration in the diet is borderline. The assessment of such in-vivo interactions will be considered here under the limits of bioavailability, which occurs at the site of absorption in the intestinal mucosa or the redistribution from one tissue to another one. Figure 3.2 illustrates the most important, quite different, species-specific interactions of metals, trace and macro elements, respectively, with net requirements in animals and man. Clearly, there are interrelationships in the metabolism of the mineral elements consumed. 

The utilization of the macro element calcium is impaired by a high intake of lead, magnesium, aluminum and phytate, that of magnesium by lead, calcium, nickel, and phytate, and that of phosphorus by magnesium, calcium, and phytate. Several experiments in animals have strikingly illustrated the importance of a trace element dietary balance in determining the safe intake of a particular macro, trace or ultratrace element (O Dell 1997, Griin et al. 

Tab. 3.2 Chronological observations providing essentiality and toxicity of macro elements...

In the field of biology, there are three general physiological roles for the macro elements, namely structural, catalytic, and transduction. Of the seven macro elements, calcium and phosphorus play important roles in the skeletal structures of vertebrates. The normative calcium requirements of the different animal species vary between... 

Macro element Intake of Adults with Mixed and Ovolactovegetarian Diets... 

Tab. 4.2 Ash and macro element intake of adults with mixed and ovolactovegetarian diets as a function of gender and type of diet...

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