Equipment ultrasonic cleaners

The buffer (-800 ml) is heated to boiling in the microwave oven and poured into an 80-W ultrasonic cleaner (Bransonic 12, Branson Cleaning Equipment Co., Shelton, CT). The slide rack is sonicated for 1 min and then cooled in buffer in the staining container for an additional 10 min. 

Trophic level Position in the food chain, e.g., herbivore, carnivore, bottom-feeder. Ultrasonic cleaner Lab equipment using ultrasound in liquid bath for cleaning. Variance A single measure of spread or range in ratio data. 

The following describes a typical preparation of 2. In the dry box, lithium (5.3144 g, 0.76587 mol), cut into many small pieces, and naphthalene (49.0802 g, 0.382914 mol) were loaded into a 500 ml three-necked flask equipped with a septum, vacuum adapter, and fritted filtration tube. This flask was removed from the dry box, immersed in the ultrasonic cleaner, and attached to the manifold. Freshly distilled TMEDA (115 ml, 0.762 mol) and freshly distilled toluene (200 ml) were added to a flask by syringe. The reaction proceeded for 4 days... 

Ultrasonic cleaners are highly specialized pieces of equipment and generally correspond to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)—specified method. It is useful to look at specific cleaner models at this point. 

The Grignard reagent, 2-methoxy-l-naphthalenylmagnesium bromide, is prepared under nitrogen in a 200-mL round bottomed flask, equipped with a reflux condenser and a pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, which is immersed in the water bath of an ultrasonic laboratory cleaner (53 W, 41 kHz). 

However, because of this heating, these units are not recommended for use with solvent cleaners. Also, precise control of the ultrasonic energy is required to prevent possible damage to the stencil and apertures. Comparatively, also, ultrasonic machines are more expensive than either type of spray equipment. The size, and thus the cost, is directly proportional to the size of the stencil to be cleaned. 

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