Ukraine, elements

The principal direct raw materials used to make sulfuric acid are elemental sulfur, spent (contaminated and diluted) sulfuric acid, and hydrogen sulfide. Elemental sulfur is by far the most widely used. In the past, iron pyrites or related compounds were often used but as of the mid-1990s this type of raw material is not common except in southern Africa, China, Ka2akhstan, Spain, Russia, and Ukraine (96). A large amount of sulfuric acid is also produced as a by-product of nonferrous metal smelting, ie, roasting sulfide ores of copper, lead, molybdenum, nickel, 2inc, or others. 

Denmark 1.5 days after the explosion. Air samples collected at Roskilde, Denmark on April 27-28, contained a mean air concentration of 241Am of 5.2 pBq/m3 (0.14 fCi/m3). In May 1986, the mean concentration was 11 pBq/m3 (0.30 fCi/m3) (Aarkrog 1988). Whereas debris from nuclear weapons testing is injected into the stratosphere, debris from Chernobyl was injected into the troposphere. As the mean residence time in the troposphere is 20-40 days, it would appear that the fallout would have decreased to very low levels by the end of 1986. However, from the levels of other radioactive elements, this was not the case. Sequential extraction studies were performed on aerosols collected in Lithuania after dust storms in September 1992 carried radioactive aerosols to the region from contaminated areas of the Ukraine and Belarus. The fraction distribution of241 Am in the aerosol samples was approximately (fraction, percent) organically-bound, 18% oxide-bound, 10% acid-soluble, 36% and residual, 32% (Lujaniene et al. 1999). Very little americium was found in the more readily extractable exchangeable and water soluble and specifically adsorbed fractions. 

Blood was studied in a group of virtually healthy adolescents aged 14-17 from two localities in the Ukraine, where pesticide exposure differed by a factor of three, though the pesticide content in food products, drinking water, air and soil in the experimental zone was not higher than public health standards permitted. In Azerbaijan there was a difference of 100 times in the amounts of pesticides used in the experimental and control localities, while the pesticide contamination of elements of the environment and food products in the experimental zone was 2-50 times higher than acceptable levels [A97]. Table 3.6 shows the results. 

Authors would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Kryukov V.V. (Kiev National University of Technologies and Design) for creation of original electrochemical test cells Dr. Chmilemko M.A. for the help in assembly of standard size 2016 elements (Interdepartmental Division of Electrochemical Power Energetic and Engineering, NAS of Ukraine), Dr. Matzui L. U. for her assistance with XRD investigations (Kiev National T. Schevchenko University). 

For the expert operations with wastes we used the official report form III for toxic wastes, issued by order of the Ministry of statistics of Ukraine on 23.07.93 under N° 162. According to this form subject to accounting are all types of toxic wastes, including production unfit for recycled use and containing dangerous elements. 

Vasylyeva T.L., Duka Y.D., Ogorodny V.V., Kharitonov N., 1997. Relation between Trace Elements Concentration in Soils and the Health of Humans in Ukraine. Fourth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, pp.51-52. 

The influence of various trace elements has been studied during the 1980s—1990s in the Forest Steppe and Mountain regions of the biosphere, in Ukraine. Three natural biogeochemical provinces, Carpathian, Pre-Carpathian and Forest Steppe, have been monitored for the migration of trace elements in food webs and human cancer distribution (Table 3). 

The anthropogenic radionuclides of most concern are those produced as fission products from nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. The most devastating release from the latter source to date resulted from the April 26, 1986, explosion, partial meltdown of the reactor core, and breach of confinement structures by a power reactor at Chernobyl in the Ukraine. This disaster released 5 x 107 Ci of radionuclides from the site, which contaminated large areas of Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia, as well as areas of Scandinavia, Italy, France, Poland, Turkey, and Greece. Radioactive fission products that are the same or similar to elements involved in life processes can be particularly hazardous. One of these is radioactive iodine, which tends to accumulate in the thyroid gland, which may develop cancer or otherwise be damaged as a result. Radioactive cesium exists as the Cs+ ion and is similar to sodium and potassium in its physiological behavior. Radioactive strontium forms the Sr2+ ion and substitutes for Ca2+, especially in bone. 

The chief mined ore of titanium is ilmenite (iron titanium oxide, FeTiC>3) and it occurs as vast deposits of sand in Western Australia, Canada and the Ukraine. Large deposits of rutile (titanium dioxide, TiO ) are known in North America, and South Africa. World production of the metal itself is around 90,000 tonnes per year, small compared to titanium dioxide production which is 4.3 million tonnes per year. Reserves of titanium amount to more than 600 million tonnes and while there is an abundance of this element it is extremely costly because it has to be extracted by a complicated process, and yet it could be so much more useful if it was cheaply available. 

The steam generator (SG) collector was found to be the weakest element of the reactor coolant boundary. There were 15 SGs replaced at Zaporozhe NPP and South-Ukraine NPP for the 1988-1992 period. One of them was repaired at the plant and not replaced . ... 

Option A in Table 1 illustrates the heat balance diagram of the SCM in Kiev (Ukraine). The data show a relatively low thermal efficiency. About half of the heat input is lost with flue gases, the temperature of which is 900 - 1000°C at the outlet of the recuperator. The low degree of heat recovery in this case is explained by the fact that in the initial stages of commercialization, it was decided to first concentrate on the basic technology of submerged combustion and the design of the main elements of the melter. 

The nuclear accident that occurred at the Chernobyl reactor, north of Kiev, Ukraine, on April 26, 1986, renewed fears in some about the safety of nuclear reactors. It is important to understand the nature of the accident at Chernobyl. A nuclear reactor using normal fuel elements cannot become an atomic bomb. However, without proper design and safeguards, it is possible for a malfunction of a reactor to disperse dangerous radioactivity over a populated area. This is in fact what occurred at Chernobyl. 

Kosenko, I. S., Opalko, A. I. Adaptive significance of specific elements of the egg apparatus of the Coiylus L. ssp. Book of abstracts of The International Scientific Conference Plant cover evolution in the natural and cultigenic environment dedicated to Charlz Darvin birth 200-th anniversary (Uman, 27-30 October, 2009). Uman National dendrological park Sofiyivka NAS of Ukraine, 2009, 86-88. (in Ukrainian). 

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