Titanium Iron Oxide

Buddington A. E and Lindsley D. H. (1964). Iron-titanium oxide minerals and synthetic equivalents. J. Petrol, 5 310-357. 

Powell R. and Powell M. (1977b). Geothermometry and oxygen barometry using iron-titanium oxides A reappraisal. Min. Mag, 41 257-263. 

Spencer K. I and Lindsley D. H. (1981). A solution model for coexisting iron-titanium oxides. Amer. Mineral, 66 1189-1201. 

U. (1978) Amorphous and crystalline titanium and iron-titanium oxides in synthetic preparations, at near ambient conditions, and in soil clays. Clays Clay Min. 26 189-201 Fitzpatrick, R.W. Naidu, R. Self, P.G. (1992)... 

Frost, B.R. Lindsley, D.H. (1991) Occurrence of iron-titanium oxides in igneous rocks. In Lindsley, D.H. (ed.) Oxide minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy 25, Min. Soc. Am., 433-468 Frost, B.R. (1991) Stability of oxide minerals in metamorphic rocks. In Lindsley, D.H. (ed.) Oxide minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy 25, Min. Soc. Am., 469-488 Fryer, J.R. (1979) The chemical applications of transmission electron microscopy. Academic Press, London New York, 231 p. 

Lindsley, D.H. (1965) Iron-titanium oxides. Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book 64 144-148... 

The chief mined ore of titanium is ilmenite (iron titanium oxide, FeTiC>3) and it occurs as vast deposits of sand in Western Australia, Canada and the Ukraine. Large deposits of rutile (titanium dioxide, TiO ) are known in North America, and South Africa. World production of the metal itself is around 90,000 tonnes per year, small compared to titanium dioxide production which is 4.3 million tonnes per year. Reserves of titanium amount to more than 600 million tonnes and while there is an abundance of this element it is extremely costly because it has to be extracted by a complicated process, and yet it could be so much more useful if it was cheaply available. 

Erost B. R. and Eindsley D. H. (1991) Occurrence of iron-titanium oxides in igneous rocks. Mineral. Soc. Am. Rev. Mineral. 25, 433-468. 

Carbothermic Reduction of Iron from Iron Titanium Oxide Concentrates in a Thermal Plasma Fluidized Bed... 

An iron titanium oxide has the anions in a hexagonal close-packed array. The iron and titanium atoms each occupy a third of the octahedral sites available in an ordered array. What is the formula of the oxide What is the likely parent structure of the oxide ... 

Himmelberg GR, Ford AB (1975) Petrologic studies of the Dufek intrusion, Pensacola Mountains Iron-titanium oxides. Antarctic JUS 10(5) 241-244... 

Himmelberg GR, Ford AB (1976) Pyroxenes of the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica. J Petrol 17(2) 219-243 Himmelberg GR, Ford AB (1977) Iron-titanium oxides of the Dufek intrusion. Amer Mineral 62 623-633 Hoefs J (1997) Stable isotope geochemistry, 4th edn. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany... 

Four series of iron-titanium oxide photocatalysts have been prepared two series by impregnation of solid titanium dioxide (Tioxide CLDD 1625/2 TOx, and Degussa P25 Dg ), with aqueous iron Fe ions, and two by chemical methods from titanium and iron salts (coprecipitation CP, and spray pyrolysis SP ). The concentration of iron, expressed as percentages of the total cationic content of the TiO matrix ranged from 0.1 to 10 atom percent... 

The diffraction patterns of the decomposed aerosol products of TiO and Fe-TiOj obtained by spray pyrolysis showed poor crystallinity. Specimens were therefore further calcined at temperatures of 823K, 873IG 973K and 1073K in air for a period of 2 hours in order to improve their crystalline structure. Fig.1. shows the x-ray diffraction patterns of titanium dioxide (anatase), and a series of iron-titanium oxide specimens of nominal Fe(IlI) concentration equivalent to 0.1, 1, 2, 5 and 10 atom%, prepared by the spray pyrolysis method and subsequently calcined at 823K in air for 2 hours. 

Titanium occurs in the minerals rutile (titanium oxide) and ilmenite (iron titanium oxide). Like aluminum, titanium is expensive to produce from its ore. Most titanium used is in the form of titanium oxide, which produces an intense white color in paint and paper. Titanium is also alloyed with aluminum. 

The vicar refers to his friend the famous mineralogist Johan Hawkins, who says that he has never seen a mineral like this, ft must contain an unknown metal Gregor proposes that the name of this new element shall be menachanite after the finding-place. Gregor s description of the dark mineral from the Menachan valley and his correct supposition that it contained a new element was not paid much attention, despite its publication in Crell s Annalen. The discovery was forgotten. Gregor died of tuberculosis in 1817. Today we know that Gregor s mineral is identical with ilmenite, iron titanium oxide FeTiO,. 

In addition to reactions dominated by ions in solution, hydrogen sulphide can cause iron-titanium oxides to be replaced by pyrite—a useful guide to mineralization.Pyrite and marcasite are more the indicators of a favourable reducing environment than the reducing agents for uranium and its associated metals, including iron. 

Reynolds R. L. and Goldhaber M. B. Origin of a South Texas roll-type uranium deposit 1. Alteration of iron—titanium oxide minerals. Econ. Geol., 73, 1978, 1677-89. 

D. H. Lindsley Iron-Titanium Oxides Crystallography, Crystal Chemistry, and Synthesis... 

Figure 11 Stability of the iron-titanium oxide phases in the system Fe-Ti-0.

Simons, B. and Woermann, E. The stability of iron titanium oxides and iron silicates in equilibrium with metallic iron. In preparation (1976). 

The susceptibility of rocks is strongly controlled by the magnetic mineral type and its concentration in the rock. Because magnetite is the most common and the most magnetic mineral of the iron-titanium oxide series (Hearst and Nelson, 1985), there is a distinct correlation between rock susceptibility and magnetite content. This can be expressed by a relationship of the general form... 

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