Contamination large area

Dioxin has contaminated large areas of water and soil in the form of extremely toxic TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibcnzo-p-dioxin) through industrial accidents and through... 

The anthropogenic radionuclides of most concern are those produced as fission products from nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. The most devastating release from the latter source to date resulted from the April 26, 1986, explosion, partial meltdown of the reactor core, and breach of confinement structures by a power reactor at Chernobyl in the Ukraine. This disaster released 5 x 107 Ci of radionuclides from the site, which contaminated large areas of Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia, as well as areas of Scandinavia, Italy, France, Poland, Turkey, and Greece. Radioactive fission products that are the same or similar to elements involved in life processes can be particularly hazardous. One of these is radioactive iodine, which tends to accumulate in the thyroid gland, which may develop cancer or otherwise be damaged as a result. Radioactive cesium exists as the Cs+ ion and is similar to sodium and potassium in its physiological behavior. Radioactive strontium forms the Sr2+ ion and substitutes for Ca2+, especially in bone. 

Storage drums can corrode, allowing the waste to seep into aquifers and/or contaminate large areas of soil. 

Thomas shipped the Po on platinum foil in sealed containers, but another nasty characteristic of polonium caused shipping troubles for reasons never satisfactorily explained by experiment, the metal migrates from place to place and can quickly contaminate large areas. This isotope has been... 

The loss of crude oil from the Exxon Valdez which subsequently contaminated large areas of the coastline in Alaska [1]. 

A nuclear reactor of this size contains an inventory of radioactive nuclides that can contaminate large areas - as demonstrated by the reactor accident of Chernobyl in April 1986. Therefore, at least in reactors in Western countries, a number of measures are taken to securely enclose the radioactive inventory. The fission products are surrounded by several barriers ... 

The accident at the Three Mile Island (TMI) plant in Pennsylvania in 1979 led to many safety and environmental improvements (4—6). No harm from radiation resulted to TMI workers, to the pubHc, or to the environment (7,8), although the accident caused the loss of a 2 x 10 investment. The accident at the Chernobyl plant in the Ukraine in 1986, on the other hand, caused the deaths of 31 workers from high doses of radiation, increased the chance of cancer later in life for thousands of people, and led to radioactive contamination of large areas. This latter accident was unique to Soviet-sponsored nuclear power. The Soviet-designed Chemobyl-type reactors did not have the intrinsic protection against a mnaway power excursion that is requited in the test of the world, not was there a containment building (9—11). 

Where large volumes of effluents are produced and/or different types of contaminants, large equipment areas may be required. Sufficient space must also be allowed for maintenance and inspection of such equipment. 

The slushing material finds its most useful application on big machinery requiring protection of large areas during storage or during intervals of idleness in machine shops. The effect of dust and dirt contamination should therefore be considered an important factor in assessing the quality of these materials. 

Following an aviation kerosin spill, hydrocarbons were detected in trout stream sediments and fish up to 14 months after the spill [13]. After a fire at a weed treatment plant in 1970 a large area of mixed forested ecosystem became contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and creosote [66], High polyaromatic concentrations in stream sediments adversely affected micro- and meiobenthic communities at all trophic levels. Stein et al. [67] have studied the uptake by bethnic fish (English sole, Parophrys vetulus) of benzopyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments. Accumulation of contaminants from sediments was a significant route of uptake by English sole. 

HF should only be handled under a hood with proper ventilation. However, even if all safety regulations are obeyed the risk of accidents cannot be totally eliminated. In case of large spills, the contaminated laboratory area should be evacuated immediately because of the danger of inhalation. 

International Atomic Energy, 1989, Clean up of large areas contaminated as a result of a nuclear accident. Technical Reports Series No. 300. 

Organic contaminants can be released to the surface in different ways, and contamination can be classified as point source and nonpoint source (or diffuse source). As an example of a nonpoint source, we discuss the case of pesticides applied during agricultural activity over large areas an example of point source contamination is given by the behavior of petroleum products that reach the subsurface as a result of leakage (or a spill) from pipes or from a gas station. 

The technology is applicable to many remediation scenarios including large contaminated surface areas. 

It is self evident that tack is very much influenced by the surface condition of the rubber as well as dwell time and pressure this includes contamination and the surface roughness of the test piece. Measurements should be distributed over a fairly large area of the rubber sheet in question to obtain representative results. 

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